ch 19 blood

Question 1

What are the 6 ways that blood maintains homeostasis?

Answer 1

1. Transporting
2. regulate pH
3. Produce osmosis
4. maintaining body temp
5. protection against foreign substances
6. clot formation

Question 2

What makes up blood (general)?

Answer 2

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

Question 3

What constitutes plasma?

Answer 3

91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% of gases, waste products, ions and nutrients ect. Plasma is the liquid part of blood.

Question 4

What are the proteins in plasma, there percentages and what they do:

Answer 4

58% Albumins = osmotic pressure and transport
38% Globulins = antibodies and transport proteins
4% Firinogen = forms the fibers for clots

Question 5

What constitutes the formed elements?

Answer 5

red blood cells (aka erythrocytes), white blood cells (aka leukocytes), and platelets (these are fragments of cells. Don’t call them thrombocytes).

Question 6

What is hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis? Where does it happen?

Answer 6

The production of blood formed elements. It happens in red bone marrow.

Question 7

All formed elements arise from stem cells called …………………. . These divide to form ………….. and ……………… . Lymphoid stem cells give rise to …………………….. and Myeloid stem cells give rise to ……….., …………….., and …………….. .

Answer 7

Hemocytoblasts. Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. Lymphocytes. Red Blood cells, platelets and other white blood cells.

Question 8

What are colony stimulating factors? Give one example.

Answer 8

Hormones that regulate the formed element production. One example is Erythropoietin EPO.

Question 9

Describe RBC’s

Answer 9

most numerous formed element. They lack organelles. They contain hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. They carry O2 and CO2. One RBC can carry over a billion O2 molecules.

Question 10

What is hemoglobin made of? What does each protein have?

Answer 10

4 protein subunits (2 alpha / 2 beta chains). Each protein has a hemi group with an iron molecule that reversibly binds an O2.

Question 11

What are the 3 types of hemoglobin and rate their affinity for O2.

Answer 11

Embryonic, Fetal, and adult. Both embryonic and fetal have higher affinities for O2, taking O2 from their placentas

Question 12

Whats the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 12

oxy has bound O2 and deoxy does not.

Question 13

How does CO2 bind to hemoglobin?

Answer 13

CO2 binds to the protein part of hemoglobin and (not to the iron atom) and forms carbominohemoglobin.

Question 14

What is blood’s normal pH?

Answer 14

7.35-7.45

Question 15

What is the average blood volume for adult males and females?

Answer 15

5-6 liters and 4-5 liters it is 8% total body weight.

Question 16

what is the buffy coat

Answer 16

part of formed elements. Made of platelets and white blood cells

Question 17

Red Blood Cells are made by a process called …………………. . To make red blood cells, adequate amounts of …………… , ………………., and ……………… are needed.

Answer 17

Erythropoiesis. Folate, vitamin B12, and Fe.

Question 18

RBC production is stimulated by ………….., which is secreted by the kidney when ……….delivery is low.

Answer 18

erythropoietin, O2

Question 19

How long do RBCs live? How are they destroyed? What happens to the iron? What happens to the heme?

Answer 19

110-120 days. Macrophages destroy them. Iron is reused in new RBCs. Converted to bilirubin and put into bile.

Question 20

What are the 2 categories of white blood cells, and how do they differ?

Answer 20

Granulocytes: large cytoplasmic granules. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

Agranulocytes: lack large cytoplasmic granules. Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 21

What 3 functions allow white blood cells to carry out their function of protection?

Answer 21

ameboid movement: use of irregular projections to move where they want to.

diapedesis: ability to change shape to move through vessels cell walls.
chemotaxis: the attraction to foreign substances and dead cells.

Question 22

Which white blood cell makes up 70% of white blood cells? Describe their main characteristics.

Answer 22

Neutrophils. They are multi lobed and are the first wbc to respond to infections.

Question 23

Describe eosinophils and what percentage of wbc do they comprise.

Answer 23

2-4% of wbcs. They have a bi-lobed nucleus, stain red and kill large parasites.

Question 24

Describe basophils and what percentage of wbc do they comprise.

Answer 24

.5-1% of wbcs, stain dark blue or purple and release histamine and heparin to cause inflammation after tissue damage.

Question 25

Describe Lymphocytes and what percentage of wbc do they comprise.

Answer 25

20-25% of wbcs. Have a large nucleus, are involved in the immune response, and are the longest living wbc.

Question 26

Describe Monocytes and what percentage of wbc do they comprise.

Answer 26

3-8% of wbcs. Largest of the wbcs becaome macrophages and phagocytize bacteria and foreign matter.

Question 27

Describe platelets, what they do, and how long they live. How are they formed?

Answer 27

they are cell fragments involved in clotting. Have glycoproteins to bind certain molecules, and myosin and actin filaments for clot retraction. Live for 5-9 days. Formed by megakaryocytes in red bone marrow.

Question 28

What is hemostasis and what are its 3 processes?

Answer 28

the stoppage of bleeding to reduce blood loss and maintain homeostasis.

1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation

Question 29

what is vascular spasm?

Answer 29

is the immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts. Caused by chemicals released by damaged cells and platelets.

Question 30

Describe platelet plug formation

Answer 30

it is the clumping of platelets to form a plug.

1. Platelets adhere to exposed collagen in a vessel and release ADP and thromboxanes which invites more platelets (positive feedback loop).
2. Activated platelets have fibrinogen receptors and bind platelets together to form the plug.

Question 31

Describe coagulation

Answer 31

It is for more serious damage. It involves the formation of a clot from a network of fibrin fibers.

1. Triggered by clotting factors in the blood (most are proteins formed in liver).
2. Two pathways build an active enzyme that will begin clot formation A. extrinsic pathway uses thromboplastin. B. intrinsic pathway uses Factor XII.
3. Both A and B make a common pathway to form prothrombinase - prothrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin.

Question 32

What two ways are clotting factors activated?

Answer 32

1. The extrinsic pathway begins with chemicals that are outside of, or extrinsic to, the blood (Thromboplastin)
2. begins with chemicals that are inside, or intrinsic to, the blood (Factor XII)
   * These two pathways converge to form the common pathway, which results in the formation of a fibrin clot*

Question 33

What prevents clots from forming in circulating blood?

Answer 33

anticoagulants in blood. These same anticoagulants dilute clots that were formed to heal an injury

Question 34

which protein in the blood inactivates thrombin and prostacyclin?

Answer 34

antithrombin

Question 35

what draws the edges of a cut together after clot formation?

Answer 35

clot retraction by platelets

Question 36

fibrinolysis occurs when?

Answer 36

as the plasmin in the clot begins to hydrolyze the clot for repair

Question 37

What is agglutination?

Answer 37

When the antibodies in the plasma bind to the antigens on the surfaces of the red blood cells, they form molecular bridges that connect the red blood cells. As a result, agglutination (ă-gloo-ti-nā′shŭn), or clumping, of the cells occurs.

Question 38

Type AB blood has:
Type A blood has:
Type B blood has:
Type O:

Answer 38

1. AB has A and B antigens and no preformed antibodies.
2. A has A antigens and antibodies to B antigens.
3. B has B antigens and antibodies to A antigens.
4. O lacks A & B antigens and has preformed antibodies to A & B antigens

Question 39

What is the Rh blood group?

Answer 39

This gives the positive or negative status on blood type. If the person has the D antigen, then they are positive. If they don’t have the D antigen, they are negative. There are no preformed antibodies to the D antigen and antibodies are only formed if a positive person comes in contact with negative blood via transfusion or pregnancy.