ch 22 lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. fluid balance
  2. lipid absorption: by lacteals (lymphatic vessels in digestive tract lining)
  3. defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is chyle?

A

The lymph in the digestive tract. It is white in color due to high lipid content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the parts of the lymphatic system

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs, and lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is lymph formed?

A

Excess fluid passes through the tissue spaces and enters lymphatic capillaries to become lymph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries? Why is it easy for fluid and other substances to enter a lymphatic capillary, but impossible for it to go back out?

A

They are dead ended, lack a basement membrane. The cells of the simple squamous epithelium slightly overlap. This facilitates their function in two ways: First everything can enter. Second, the overlapping cells act as one-way valves so nothing can flow back out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of valves in lymphatic vessels? Name three mechanisms responsible for moving lymph through the lymphatic vessels.

A

prevent lymph from back flow.

3 mechanisms for moving lymph:

  1. contraction of lymphatic vessels
  2. contraction of skeletal muscles
  3. thoracic pressure changes when breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the lymphatic vessels from small to large. What is the largest vessel? What drains into it?

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymphatic vessels (have valves, looks like beads)
  3. Lymphatic trunks (drain lymph from major portions of body)
  4. Lymphatic ducts.

Thoracic duct is largest. It drains lymph from the right side of the body inferior to the thorax and the entire left side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is lymphatic tissue comprised of?

What differentiates a lymphatic organ from lymphatic tissue and what are the lymphatic organs?

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells, and other cell types.

Lymphatic organs are encapsulated and diffuse lymphatic tissue is not. Organs are thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes and reticular fibers in lymphatic tissue?

A

the network of reticular fibers in the lymphatic tissue traps microorganisms and other particles and lymphocytes can come consume them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? In what way is the location of MALT beneficial?

A

non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue found in and beneath the mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts (all open to outside of body). Prime locations to intercept microorganisms as they enter the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the difference between encapsulated and non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue?

A

Encapsulated is within a connective tissue capsule. It forms most lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes). Non-encapsulated lacks the capsule and is often associated with other organ systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Distinguish among lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, Peyer patches, and lymphatic follicles.

A

Lymphatic tissue: lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells. Can make lymphatic organs or just line areas.

Lymphatic nodules: denser arrangements of lymphocytes in compact spherical structures surrounded by diffuse lymphatic tissue.

Peyer patches: groups of lymphatic nodules in the small intestine and appendix.

Lymphatic follicles: lymphatic nodules in lymph nodes and the spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure, function of the tonsils.

A

large groups of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue in throat. 3 types: pharyngeal, 2 palatine, and lingual. Protect against pathogens entering from nose or mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. What are lymph nodes?
  2. Where are lymph nodes found?
  3. Describe their structure?
  4. How do they work?
  5. If immune response is initiated, where do lymphocytes migrate to divide?
A
  1. They are lymphatic organs
  2. distributed along the course of the lymphatic vessels, most numerous at entrances to trunk.
  3. They are encapsulated with a cortex and medulla. Have trabeculae to subdivide sections (inward extensions of capsule). Lymphocytes and macrophages attach to reticular fibers.
  4. Lymph filters in the afferent arms-like structures. Macrophages remove debris, lymphocytes may start and immune response. Then lymph flows out the efferent arms. They are the only structures that filters lymph.
  5. Germinal centers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a germinal center of a lymph node?

A

the center area of a lymphatic nodule where lymphocytes rapidly divide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the structure of the spleen? Trace the pathway of blood into the spleen and back out.

A
  1. Consists of Red pulp and white pulp.
  2. Blood goes from splenic artery into white pulp where it is cleaned by lymphocytes. Next it goes to red pulp where macrophages eat old RBCs and debris. Finally it leaves via the splenic vein.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. What is the structure of the thymus?

2. What is its function?

A
  1. A bilobed gland that has lymphocyte compartments made by endothelial cells (rather than reticular fibers).
  2. It secretes thymosin stimulating T-cell maturation. T-cells which would react to self-molecules are destroyed and only the good ones are sent out to the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability to resist damage by foreign substances. Divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Whats the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? Which one is unique to vertebrates?

A

Innate aka non-specific immunity: response we are born with. Same response w/ ea exposure. No memory. Not specific. All organisms have this

Adaptive Immunity aka specific immunity: occurs when innate immunity is breached. Responses acquired thru life. Response is remembered and is stronger/faster ea time. Unique to vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 components of innate immunity?

A
  1. physical barriers: skin, tears, saliva, mucus membranes
  2. Chemical Mediators: Chemicals that kill or block pathogens. Cytokines, histamines, sebum, lysozyme, and complement proteins.
  3. White Blood Cells
  4. The inflammatory Response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are cytokines and what roles do cytokines play as chemical mediators?

A

Are chemicals released by one cell that binds to and affects the activity of another cell. Interferons are an example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is complement? How is it activated? How does complement provide protection?

A
  1. A chemical mediator of innate immunity. It is a series of blood proteins that destroys abnormal cells and “complements” adaptive immunity.
  2. Activated by a compliment cascade in either the alternative pathway or classic pathway.
  3. Forms MACs, opsonizes other cells, promotes inflammation, and calls other cells to help.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. What are interferons?

2. How do they protect against viral infection?

A
  1. They’re cytokines. Antiviral proteins that also protect the body against some forms of cancer.
  2. They cause neighboring cells (where a virus is attacking) to produce antiviral proteins. Also activates phagocytic immune cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is opsonization?

A

one way that complement proteins kill. They attach to the surface of bacterial cells and stimulate macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define chemotactic factor, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.

A

Chemotactic factor: acts as a chemical signal to attract leukocytes

Chemotaxis: the affinity of white blood cells for foreign cells. Attracted to the chemotactic factor.

Phagocytosis: phagocytic cells eating other cells and fragments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  1. What are the functions of neutrophils and macrophages?
  2. Are these part of innate or adaptive immunity?
  3. What is pus?
A
  1. Neutrophils: They can phagocytize or release lysosomal enzymes to kill. They are small phagocytic cells.

Macrophages: Big pagocytic cells in immune system. Expand on neutophils’ roles.

  1. Innate immunity
  2. Pus: accumulation of dead neutrophils, dead microorganisms, debris from dead tissue, and fluid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What effects are produced by the chemicals released from basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils? Part of Innate of adaptive immunity?

A

Basophils: release histamine and leukotrienes—that produce an inflammatory response or activate other mechanisms.

Mast cells: Same as basophils, but stuck in place at points of entry to body.

Eosinophils: secrete enzymes that kill parasites.

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells? Part of Innate or adaptive immunity? What do they do?

A

Lymphocytes. Part of innate immunity. Kill tumors abnormal and virus infected cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define antigen. Distinguish between a foreign antigen and a self-antigen.

A

Substances that elicit an immune response are called antigens.

Foreign antigens: are not produced by the body but are introduced from outside it. viruses, bacteria, pollen, dander, food and drugs ect. They may cause an immune response.

Self-antigens are molecules the body produces and shouldn’t cause an immune response unless there is an autoimmune disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases?

A

allergic reactions: the body’s overreaction to a foreign antigen.

autoimmune disease: immune system reaction to a self-antigen

31
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity: involves proteins called antibodies (from B cells) to fight threats OUTSIDE of cells.

Cell-mediated immunity: uses cytotoxic T cells to fight threats INSIDE of cells by killing the cell

32
Q

What are lymphocyte clones? What is the difference between positive and negative lymphocyte selection?

A

clones are small groups of identical lymphocytes. All lymphocytes of a given clone respond to the same specific antigen.

positive selection process results in the survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response

negative selection process eliminates or suppresses clones acting against self-antigens, thereby preventing the destruction of a person’s own cells. .

33
Q

Describe the origin and development of B cells and T cells they are different types of ……………. .

A

Both originate in red bone marrow. B cells mature there too. T cells mature in the thymus. Lymphocytes.

34
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs? What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

A

Primary: red bone marrow, and thymus.

Secondary: organs and tissues to which mature lymphocytes migrate: lymphatic tissue, nodes, nodules, and spleen.

35
Q

Define antigenic determinant and antigen receptor. What is another name for antigenic determinant? How are they related to each other?

A

Antigenic determinant aka epitope: specific regions of the antigen that lymphocytes interact with.

Antigen Receptor: proteins on the surface of lymphocytes that bind antigenic determinants aka epitopes.

If an adaptive immune system response is to occur, lymphocytes must first recognize an antigen and bind their receptors to the antigen’s epitopes. This is the 1st step in triggering an immune response.

36
Q
  1. What is an MHC antigen complex?
  2. What occurs if foreign antigens are shown?
  3. What occurs if self antigens are shown?
A
  1. Major Histocompatibility Complex. Glycoproteins on all cell surfaces that display what is going on inside the cell so T-cells can either destroy the cells or leave them alone.
  2. Displaying cell is killed.
  3. Displaying cell is left alone
37
Q
  1. What types of cells display MHC class I complexes?

2. What does this identify?

A
  1. MHC class I: found on all nucleated cells. Shows “what am I making today” on outside of cell.
  2. Identifies virus infected, abnormal, and tumor cells for T-CELLS
38
Q

How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins (in structure)?

A

after lymphatic capillaries, lymph moves into lymphatic vessels comprised of endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, and fibrous connective tissue. They also have valves like medium and large veins.

39
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain? What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Thoracic Duct drains 75 % of the body (the whole left side of body above the diaphragm and the entire body below the diaphragm.

Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm.

40
Q

Where do mature B and T cells reside?

A

In all lymphatic tissue except red bone marrow and the thymus

41
Q

How is the alternative pathway of the complement cascade activated? Is it part of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Its a spontaneous activation by C3 and foreign proteins. It is innate/non-specific.

42
Q

How is the classic pathway of the complement cascade activated? Is it part of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

It is activated by an antigen/antibody complex and C1. It is adaptive/specific immunity.

43
Q

What is a MAC a function of? How does a MAC work?

A

Membrane attack complex. Activated by a complement cascade to C9. Puts a hole in the cell membrane of a target cell to destroy it.

44
Q

What is inflammation? Part of innate or adaptive immunity? How does it help?

A

Innate immune response to increase blood flow and vessel permeability in injuries and infections. Triggered by chemicals. Can be local or systemic (systemic is deadly).

45
Q

B and T cells respond to how many antigens?

A

Only 1 antigen per cell. They are activated 1 by 1.

46
Q
  1. What type of cells display MHC class II complexes?

2. What does this identify

A
  1. MHC class II: found on antigen-presenting cells including B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Shows “what have I eaten today” on outside of cell.
  2. Identifies fragments of antigens for B and T- CELLS
47
Q

What is costimulation?

A

Secondary step for full B and T cell activation. After a lymphocyte has bound to an antigen, proteins or cytokines are released (costimulation) and fit together. When this is successful, the lymphocyte is fully activated and will divide into clones for attack.

48
Q

Helper T cells have ………… that connects them with …………….. displaying an antigen fragment on MHC II.

Cytotoxic T cells have ………. that connects them to cells displaying antigen fragments on ………… .

A

CD4, macrophages (APCs)

CD8, MHC I

49
Q

What happens to lymphocytes that have been presented to their antigen, but no costimulation has occurred? What is this called?

A

They either die or becomes unable to be activated. This is called ANERGY.

50
Q

What are the 3 ways that lymphocytes are prevented from reacting to self molecules?

A
  1. Self-reactive lymphocytes are deleted during maturation.
  2. Absence of costimulation
  3. Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses
51
Q

What is the primary secretory products of white blood cells in innate immunity, and B and T cells in adaptive immunity?

A

wbcs= histamins, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrines, interferons, and complement proteins.

B cells= antibodies

T cells= Cytokines

52
Q

What are the primary responses of innate immunity, antibody mediated immunity, and cell-mediated immunity?

A

innate= inflammation and phagocytosis
antibody mediated immunity= protection against extracellular antigens
cell-mediated immunity= protection against intracellular antigens and tumors

53
Q

Why are helper T cells so important?

A

They are the first lymphocytes to begin dividing in response to an antigen and they stimulate the division of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

54
Q

MHC I binds to what type of T cell?

MHC II binds to what type of T cell?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

Helper T cell

55
Q

Which kind of B cells make antibodies?

A

Plasma Cells

56
Q

Activated B cells produce ……….. that attack ……………… antigens in body fluids.

A

Antibodies, extra cellular

57
Q

Antibodies are proteins. They are either ………………… or ………………. . What is their basic structure?

A

globulins or immunoglobulins. Two heavy chains and two light chains.

58
Q

Where is the binding site on an antibody?

A

at the variable region at the ends of the Y arms.

59
Q

The …………. region in the stem of antibodies gives the 5 different antibodies their properties.

A

constant.

60
Q

What are the 5 different antibodies and their basic properties?

A
  1. IgG: most prevalent antibody. Is passed to fetus.
  2. IgM: a pentamer, 1st anitbody produced, and good at cross-linking antigens/clumping, activates complement
  3. IgA: saliva, tears, breast milk
  4. IgE: on basophils and mast cells. Stimulates inflamm.
  5. IgD: antigen binding receptors on B cells.
61
Q

What are the 4 effects of antibodies on antigens?

A
  1. inactivate the antigen
  2. clump the antigen
  3. activate compliment, inflammation, and lysing
  4. coat an antigen for easier phagocytosis
62
Q

Explain the “primary response” in antibody production

A

antigen stimulates B cell to to produce plasma cells that make antibodies and memory B cells. Because this process takes some time, disease symptoms are felt.

63
Q

Explain “secondary responses” in antibody production

A

Because memory cells are already existing process is much faster. No disease symptoms are felt. Immunity.

64
Q

A cytotoxic T cell is provided costimulation by means of …………. and ………….. from a ……………… (type of cell). This cells must also be stimulated buy the ………….. …………… .

A

CD8 and cytokines, T-helper cell, same antigen.

65
Q

Cytotoxic T cells divide and produce …………… which are already activated to start fighting, and ……………. which are not activated until the future

A

daughter cytotoxic T cells, memory cells

66
Q

What is needed for both ctytotoxic t cell activation and division?

A

a helper T cell that is activated by the same anitgen

67
Q

What are the 3 ways that cytotoxic t cells kill?

A
  1. they release Perforin that perforates the cell’s membrane.
  2. They stimulate inflammation
  3. They release cytokines that attract macrophages
68
Q

Which 2 cell types are involved in rejecting transplants. Which of these is more heavily involved?

A

NK cells and Cytotoxic T-cells. Cytotoxic T cells are more involved in rejection.

69
Q

In active immunity the person …………… the response. In passive immunity …………………. or ………………. produces the response. In natural exposure the person ………………. the antigen. In ………………… the exposure was deliberate.

A

produces the response. Another person or animal. Encounters. Artificial.

70
Q

What are each of the following:

  1. Active Natural Immunity?
  2. Active Artificial Immunity?
  3. Passive Natural Immunity?
  4. Passive Artificial Immunity?
A
  1. exposure to disease is natural and person gets the disease. Antibodies develop.
  2. Vaccine is given. Antibodies develop w/o getting disease.
  3. Mom gives antibodies to baby. IgG thru placenta and IgA from breast milk. Short lived.
  4. Antivenon from other person or animal. Immunity is immediate but short lived. Saves lives from snake bites, ect.
71
Q

Allergies are examples of …………… . Which types of cells are involved in allergic reactions? Systemic allergic reactions happen when the antigen binds to …………… and widespread …………………. occurs. This is life-threatening.

A

Immediate hypersensitivities. Basophils and mast cells. Basophils, vasodilation.

72
Q

Delayed hypersensitivities take longer to develop after exposure because ………………………………….. . What type of cells are involved in this reaction and what do they do?

A

The antigen is absorbed into epithelium. Cytoxoic T cells migrate to the area, killing epithelial cells causing inflammation. Think poison ivy/oak.

73
Q
  1. What is immunodeficiency?
  2. What is congenital immunodeficiency, and give an example.
  3. What is acquired immunodeficiency? Give example.
A
  1. The lack of part or all of the immune system.
  2. Genetic defect resulting in the lack of B cells, T cells, or aspects of innate immunity like the spleen, wbc’s or compliment. Example SCID (no B or T cells).
  3. Arise from drugs, leukemia, HIV, chemotherapy. AIDS is and example. Kills helper T cells.
74
Q

What is Immunological Surveillance?

A

cytotoxic t cells, macrophages, and NK cells patrol the body and kill tumor cells that display abnormal tumor cell antigens.