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Biol 243 > Ch 24 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 24 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs include in the digestive system

A
  1. Oral cavity(mouth)
  2. pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
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2
Q

Major process of digestive system. write 2

A
  1. Ingestion- oral cavity
  2. Mechanical brakdown - teeth(chewing the food) tongue(facilate swallowing, secretion, taste, smashing food, and degrading food)
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3
Q

Major process of digestive system. write 2

A
  1. Propulsion– mainly swallowing, and peristalsis
  2. Secretions, digestive enzymes, other chemical and hormons.
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4
Q

Major process of digestive system. write 2

A
  1. Chemical digestion - bile, HCl and enzymes.
  2. Absorption - movement of substances from lumen across epithelium, into blood or lymph, may be active or passive.
  3. Defecation– eliminiation of undugested material and other waste as feces
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5
Q

Name accessory organs

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands– secrete lubricating fluid, contain enzymes and break carbohydrates
  4. Liver – secrete bile, stores nutrients
  5. Gall bladder — Store bile and concentrate it.
  6. Pancreas
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6
Q

Pancrease

A

Endcrine cells – secrete hormones
Exocrine cells– secrete buffers and digestive enzymes.

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7
Q

Functions of Mesentery

A
  • Double layer peritoneum
    – Provide route for vessels and nerves to reach digestive viscera
    – allow change position and size
    – secure organ
    – store fat
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8
Q

retroperitoneal oragns

A

those who have lost their mesentery during development

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9
Q

oral cavity and accessary organ functions

A
  1. Sensory analysis of food
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Lubrication
  4. Begin chemical digestion (lingual lipase, salivary amylase)
  5. INitiate swallowing
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10
Q

Functions of tongue

A
  1. Mechanical digestion
  2. manipulation of food
  3. initiating swallowing
  4. Sensory analysis with taste buds
  5. secretions of mucins and lingual lipase
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11
Q

surface involved in chewing

A

Occlusal surface

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12
Q

Components of teeth

A
  1. Enamel- hardest material, avascular and less collagen fiber with excess Ca2+
  2. Dentin- underlying enamel, shock absorber
  3. pulp cavity- blood vessels and nerves
  4. Cement - calcified tissue
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13
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • exocrine glands
  • contain serous and mucous cells
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14
Q

Saliva

A

99.4% water, enzymes, electrolytes, buffers, glycoprotiens, antibodies and wastes.

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15
Q

functions of salivary glands

A
  • cleanse the mouth
  • control oral bacteria, protection
  • maintain oral pH near neutral
  • Dissolve food chemicals for taste
  • moisten food to help make bolus
  • begin digestion of carbohydrates with salivary amylase
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16
Q

salivary glands names

A
  • parotid gland
  • sublingual gland
  • submandibular gland
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17
Q

Digestive tract layers

A

4 layers
- Mucosa
- submucosa layer
- Muscular layer (muscularis externa)
- serosa or adventitia

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

–Epithelium- stratified squamous or simple columnar
–Lamina Propria -areolar tissue, lymphoid tissue and glands
– muscularis mucosae - smooth muscles

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19
Q

Submucosa

A

– Areolar connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels nerves that serve the wall of GI tract
–Additional lymphoid tissue and glands

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20
Q

Muscular layer (muscularis externa)

A

–Circular layer of smooth muscle
– Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
–Stomach only also have oblique layer of smooth muscle

21
Q

Serosa Or adventitia

A

serosa = visceral peritoneum
Adventitia = dense connective tissue attachment for surrounding structures,
– Retroperitoneal organs often have anterior serosa and posterior adventitia

21
Q

Serosa Or adventitia

A

serosa = visceral peritoneum
Adventitia = dense connective tissue attachment for surrounding structures,
– Retroperitoneal organs often have anterior serosa and posterior adventitia

22
Q

where do nerve plexuses be found
Intrinsic nerve plexuses

A

Found between submucosal and muscular layer
–Myenteric NP
– Submucosal NP

23
Q

Structure of esophagus

A

– Longitudinal muscle helps with expansion
– submucosa contain mucous glands for bolus lubrication
– Peristalsis move bolus down

24
Q

At the stomach-esophagus joint what mucous protect from?

A

It protects walls from the stomach acid

25
Q

What key functions of stomach

A

– Mechanical digestion and propulsion
– Chemical digestion-. protein digestion, HCl, and pepsin help turn bolus into chyme
–HCl kill bacteria
temporary storage of food.

26
Q

Regions of Stomach

A
  1. Cardia= near heart and a lot of mucous glands
  2. Fundus= dome-like upper part, above attachment point.
  3. Body (middle )
  4. pyloric part -strong peristalsis waves
27
Q

Mucosa of stomach

A

–Gastric pits
– mucous epithelium
– lamina propria
– muscularis mucosae

28
Q

Muscular layer of stomach

A

– Oblique muscle
– circular muscle
– Longitudinal muscle

29
Q

stomach mucosal barrier

A

–Largely mucous secreting cell
Mucous rich in alkaline bicarbonate
– tight junctions
– high epithelial regeneration 3-6 days

30
Q

Cells of gastric glands

A
  1. chief cells
  2. G cells
  3. Parietal cells
31
Q

Chief cells

A

–rectangle shaped cells
– secrete pesinoge
–pepsinogen is precursor to pepsin

32
Q

Parietal cells

A

–rectangle shaped
– secete HCl
– secrete intrinsic factor- required for B12 absorption

33
Q

G cells

A

–two cells at the end of tube
– secrete gastrin hormon
– gastrin enhance gastric activity

34
Q

Duodenum

A

–protect against acidic pH of entring chyme
– mix in secretions with pancreatic juice and bile
–fewer circular folds
– smaller villi

35
Q

Jejunum

A

– prominent circular folds and villi
– most digestion and absorption

36
Q

ileum

A

–major absorption of B12 and bile
– Peyer’s patches connect to the large intestine

37
Q

biles

A

–aids in digestion and absorption of fats
– mainly water
– bilirubin ions and cholestrol lipds
– bile salts emulsify lipids
–bile salts get recycle

38
Q

Functions of liver

A

– bile production for digestion
– metabolic reactions
– hematological (recycleing of blood) secreting plasma protein

39
Q

what happen to blood come from hepatic portal vein

A

– modify its composition
– filter for toxin and drugs
– modify nutrient composition

40
Q

lobes of liver

A

– left
– right
– Caudate
– quadrate

41
Q

name pancreatic enzymes

A

– Alpha amylase
– Lipases
– proteases
– nucleases

42
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

–Re or absorption == Water, organic waste, less than 10% nutrients,
toxins and vitamins and bile salts
– compact the intestinal content into feces form
– storage of fecal before defacation

43
Q

what are contribution of microbes

A

–synthesis vitamin K and B comples

44
Q

what are contribution of microbes

A

fermentation== break down of any protein enter here and undigestible carbhydrates
this produces gas flatus production

45
Q

what are contribution of microbes

A

it alters the characteristics of feces
– Beneficial bacteria outcompete and suppress harmful bacteria

46
Q

histology of large intestine

A

– no circular fold
- no villi
– no brush borders
– thick mucosa== abundant crypts and goblet cells
– mucous provide lubrication and protection against bacteria

47
Q

Rectum

A

– stratified squamous epithelium
– anal colum
–anal canal
– internal anal sphincter
– external anal sphincter

48
Q

Defecatioon

A

Streching walls of rectal wall
relax intrisic internal anal sphincter
relax voluntarily external anal sphister

Biol 243 (5 decks)

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