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Biol 243 > Ch 23 Respiratory system > Flashcards

Ch 23 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what includes in the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
pharynx

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2
Q

what includes in the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx
Trachea
bronchus
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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3
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Provide extensive surface area for gas exchange
  • Move air to and from respiratory surfaces of lungs
  • protect respiratory surfaces
  • Produce sound
  • detect odor (olfaction)
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4
Q

what two systems work together for respiration?

A

Respiratory system
cardiovascular system

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5
Q

what are the four processes of respiration

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation (inspiration & expiration)
  • External respiration (duffusion of O2 to blood and CO2 to lungs)
  • Transport of respiratory gasses via cardivascular system, blood as transporting fluid.
  • Internal repiration (diffusion of O2 and Co2 to tissue cells and blood).
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6
Q

Functoinal division of the respiratory system

A

-Conducting = passageways for air through terminal bronchioles)
-Respiratory = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs then alveoli

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7
Q

Functions of external nose and nasal cavity

A
  • Airway for respiration
  • Moisten and warm the air.
  • Filter and clean air
  • Resonating chambers for speech
  • Houses olfactory receptors
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8
Q

Hard palate and soft palate

A

Hard palate separate nasal cavity from oral cavity
Soft palate shuts when swallowing food to prevent to go to nasal cavity

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9
Q

What does turbulence do?

A

It increases the time for air spends in nasal cavity, helps remove debris and odrants reach the olfactory epithelium.

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10
Q

Tissue present in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and trachea.

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. They helps sweep the mucous away and push in to the pharynx

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11
Q

tissue of oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and beginning larynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium. at risk from mechanical and chemical damage from food.

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12
Q

Tissue of bronchioles

A

simple columnar to the simple cuboidal epithelium. maintain the tube structure with less cartilage in smallest diameter tubes.

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13
Q

tissue of alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium
thin for gas exchange.

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14
Q

Functions of the voice box (layrnx)

A
  • Provide and maintain an open airway
  • Provide a switching mechanism for food and air.
  • voice production
  • protect entrances to glottis and trachea
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15
Q

Define phonation

A

Production of sound
- vocal cords vibrate as air passes

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16
Q

What determines the pitch?

A

Tension on the vocal cords
tenser=faster vibrations= high pitch
Controlled by intrinsic muscles.

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17
Q

what determine the loudness

A

the force applied to the air.

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18
Q

what’s in the root of the lung

A

hilum which is a groove at the mediastinal surface.
Main bronchus, pulmonary vessels and nerves lymphatic pass through it.

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19
Q

why C shaped cartilage are important in trachea

A

protect the anterior and lateral sides
Disconnection at posterior allow food to pass freely from esophagus

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20
Q

Trachealis muscle

A
  • band of smooth muscles
  • connect the end of tracheal cartilages
  • constriction reduces the diameter
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21
Q

which vessel provide blood to the lungs

A

Bronchial arteries branched from thoracic aorta supply resources to all lung tissue except alveoli

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22
Q

What happens to the structure of walls of bronchi as they branch off

A

It loses its cartilage and smooth muscle increases, it gives greater ability to change diameter.

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23
Q

Functions of elastic fibers

A
  • it helps maintain alveoli relative position and respiratory bronchioles.
  • it helps lungs to return to its original position.
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24
Q

Blood-air barrier

A

it is composed of the two cell layers of alveolar cells and capillary endothelium with basement membrane fused in the middle.

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25
Q

Pneumocyte type 1

A
  • very thin
  • sites for gas exchange
  • made of simple squamous epithelium
26
Q

Pneumocyte type 2

A
  • Large
  • It produce surfactant
27
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A
  • Patrol epithelial surface
  • engulf any particle that elude defence
28
Q

Surfactant

A

Oily secretion containing phospholipids, and proteins
- it breaks the surface tension

29
Q

How the volume of thoracic cavity increased

A

-Diaphragm contracts
- ribs and sternum elevates

30
Q

Accessary and primary muscles for inspiration

A

Primary- external coastal muscles & diaphragm
Accessory- sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior

31
Q

Accessary muscles for expiration

A
  • transverse thoracis
  • rectus abdominis
  • internal intercostal muscle
32
Q

Which forces pull the lungs in?

A

Elasticity of the lungs
alveolar fluid surface tension

33
Q

FOrces that pull the lungs out?

A

Elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outwards and enlarge the lungs

34
Q

what keeps the lungs from separating from thoracic

A

adhesive forces of pleural fluid

35
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsing of the lung (either puncture in the visceral pleura or parietal pleura.

36
Q

collapsing of lung also called as

A

atelactasis

37
Q

What physical factors affect pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Resistance
  2. Compliance
38
Q

tell me more about resistance

A

it can be caused by inflammation, infection, mucous buildup, tumors

39
Q

how to adjust resistance

A

By bronchodilation(with SNS for higher flow) or bronchoconstriction(with PNS for less flow).

40
Q

Define compliance

A

expand the lungs to fill with air. low compliance means greater force to fill lungs.

41
Q

Factors those affect compliance

A
  • level of surfactant production(cannot expand alveoli)
  • connective tissue of lungs(scare tissue decrease compliance)
  • mobility of thoracic cage
42
Q

How can the amount of air reaching the lungs be adjusted to deal with changing oxygen demands?

A
  • number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate)
  • amount of air moved per breath(tidal volume)
43
Q

Define respiratory minute volume

A

amount of air moved per minute
calculaed as: respiratory rate* tidal volume

44
Q

what set the basic pattern and rate of respiratory muscle contraction

A

Respiratory rhythmicity centers of the medulla oblongata

45
Q

which centers of pons modify the rate

A

Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

46
Q

rythmic center takes input from

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Strech receptors in the lungs
47
Q

inflation reflex

A

prevent overexpansion of lungs

48
Q

deflation reflex

A

inhibits expiratory centers and stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation.

49
Q

Hering-breuer reflexes

A

inflation and deflation

50
Q

For efficient gas exchange

A
  • Concentration gradient
  • short distance and large surface area
  • coordination of airflow and blood flow at alveoli.
51
Q

WHat is solubility of gasses

A

CO2 has fairly high solubility
O2 has somewhat less solubility
N2 has very limited solubility.

52
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

each gas contributes to total pressure in proportion to its relative abundances

53
Q

Partial pressure

A

Every gas has its own partial pressure.
gas percentage* 760 mm Hg

54
Q

henry’s Law

A

at give temperature, amount of gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas

55
Q

relation between pressure and solubility

A

more pressure more solubility

56
Q

How hemo affinity changes for gasses

A

when substance bing to hem it changes it structure, change also change afinity towards O2.

57
Q

define hem saturation

A

percentage of heme units bound to oxygen

58
Q

factors affecting the heme saturation

A
  • P of O2 of blood
  • Blood pH
  • temperature
  • metabolic activity within RBC (BPG production)
59
Q

curve is no linear benefits of it

A
  1. we can maintain sufficient oxygenation over wide range of atm partial pressur e
  2. Large change oxygen pressure, low affect on the oxygenation of oxygen
  3. higher metabolic activity low affinity more giving up oxygenation .
60
Q

Effect of pH & temperature

A

Blood pH lower–> O2 release–> curve shifts to right
Blood temperature increase–> O2 release–> curve shifts to right

Biol 243 (5 decks)

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