Ch 19 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of
proteins
How plasma and interstitial are similar
Water, ions, and small solutes are keep exchanging among them across the walls of capillaries.
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume
55; 92
Name three plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
What is contribution of albumins
Osmotic pressure of plasma
What is basic framework of blood clots
The large insoluble strand of fibrin made from fibrinogen interactions
A plasma protein essential for blood clotting is
fibrinogen.
All of the following are functions of blood
transporting gases and hormones.
defending against pathogens.
regulating pH.
regulating ion concentration.
The protein(s) that are the major contributors to plasma osmolarity is/are
albumins
What includes globulins and what are their functions
Include antibodies (also called immunoglobulins), transport globulins.
- They attack foreign proteins and pathogens.
- Transport globulins bind small ions, hormones and other compounds.
You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value of your blood would be ________ than normal because ________.
higher; you have less blood plasma volume
The following statements about blood are true
the viscosity is five times greater than water
it contains about 55 percent plasma
it contains dissolved gases
the pH is slightly alkaline
What does blood transport
- gasses oxygen and carbon dioxide
- nutrients: amino acids, glucose etc
- metabolic waste: carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste and acids.
- hormones:
How’s the color of blood
Bright red for oxygenated blood
Dark red for deoxygenated blood
It is related to hemoglobin
The formed elements of blood consist of __________.
The formed elements of blood consist of __________.
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
What’s blood pH
Slightly alkaline 7.35- 7.45
Define viscosity of blood
- 5x that of warm
- affected by hydration, factors those affect red blood cell production and blood doping
What binds to heme structure on the hemoglobin molecule?
oxygen
Blood regulate:
-pH and ion composition, body temperature, and fluid volume
How blood protect?
-immune Defense: plasma proteins, WBC, and other immune system components
- prevention of blood loss called hemostasis
Blood components
- Plasma —> 55% of blood, least dense
- Buffy coat —> WBC & platelets, <1% of whole blood
- RBC —> 45% of whole blood (hematocrite), most dense
What are organic nutrients?
-Lipids: cholesterol, fatty acid & glycerides
- carbohydrates: glucose
- amino acid
What organic nutrients used for?
Used for ATP production, growth, and cell maintenance.
What electrolytes use for?
Vital cellular activities
What are Major electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, HCO3-, HPO4-, & SO4-2.
What is organic waste in plasma
Urea, uric acid, ammonium ions, creatinine and bilirubin.
Characteristics of RBC
- giving blood it’s most volume and color.
- lack nucleus
- transport oxygen & to a lesser degree CO2
Types of WBC
- Eosinophil & 2. Neutrophil: phagocytes
- Basophil: promotes inflammation
- Monocytes: phagocytes
- Lymphocytes: uncommon in blood but dominate in lymph.
WBC characteristics
- nucleated
- defend body from infection and disease
How phil group works
Eosinophil and neutrophil are phagocytes (macrophages) while basophil promotes inflammation just like mast cells
Platelets characteristic
Platelets are membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting.
These cell fragments are involved in the clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels.
The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following
-when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted.
-high altitude.
-as a consequence of hemorrhage.
-anemia.
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.
Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?
iron-deficiency anemia
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron.
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to the red bone marrow.
Which mature cell has no nucleus, no mitochondria and no ribosomes?
erythrocyte
Erythropoietin is a hormone
released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.
Which of the following is a way that red blood cell shape is significant?
- It allows fast exchange of gases between the inside of the cell and the plasma.
- It enables red blood cells to form stacks.
- It allows red blood cells to bend and flex.
- It gives the red blood cell a large surface area to volume ratio.
Which of the following is true regarding red blood cells?
They are anucleate.
When hemoglobin does not have oxygen bound to hemoglobin it is termed
deoxyhemoglobin.
When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin it is termed
carbaminohemoglobin.
Mrs. Higgins needs to have major surgery. Two weeks before the surgery, her doctor prescribes EPO. Which of the following statements best explains his reason for doing this?
By prescribing EPO, the doctor can stimulate Mrs. Higgins’s body to produce an overabundance of RBCs, which can be harvested and saved for her surgery.
What blood type does the cell indicated by the red arrow represent?
arrow is on cell that have no surface protein and have antibodies scattered.
Type O
Type A blood has what type of RBC surface antigen and what type of opposing antibodies?
antigen A; anti-B antibodies
A person’s blood type is determined by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
People with type AB blood are considered the “universal recipient” for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?
RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.
Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of
Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.
agglutinogens; agglutinins
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?
mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because
there are many more surface antigens on red blood cells other than A, B and Rh.
You have type B positive blood. What are all the types of packed RBCs you can receive?
B positive, B negative, O positive, O negative
In an emergency situation when you have no time to wait for cross-matched blood you could give a patient type ________ until the cross-match is available
O negative
The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called
agglutination.
People with type O blood are considered “universal donors” for transfusions because __________.
their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT __________.
B+
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?
hormone that regulates white blood cell formation
Which of the following is not true of monocytes?
about same size as basophils
A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count?
neutrophils
Which white blood cell is most effective against parasitic infections?
eosinophils
All of the following characteristics describe neutrophils EXCEPT that
they release histamine
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
Which of the following descriptions best matches the function of platelets?
adhere to collagen beneath endothelium
________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Coagulation
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by
the liver
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots.
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver’s ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of
hemorrhage.
A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme
thrombin.
A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n)
blood clot
A blood clot attached to the inner surface of a blood vessel is called a
thrombus.
the first step of hemostasis is
vascular spasm.
Which of the following could be used as a treatment for a stroke if given early in the disease progression?
tissue plasminogen activator
How does the biconcave-disc shape facilitate function of RBC?
- Efficiency of gas exchange
• High surface area to volume ratio
• Short exchange distance - Ability to move through small blood vessels (capillaries)
What are the benefits of RBC being anucleate?
- More space for heme group to add O2
What is the importance of no mitochondria in RBC?
- no usage of energy for cellular respiration
- no used of O2 for cellular respiration and available more oxygen for body
What RBC unable to do in the absence of nucleus?
- they can’t repair themselves
- they can’t divide
- they don’t make immune protein
- they get replaced regularly
Define hemolysis
The rupture of RBC in the blood stream
Define hematocrit
The percentage of a blood sample that consists of formed elements (most are RBC)
What does carbon monoxide interfere with?
It has more infinity to heme group than oxygen. So it ended up occupying all places and let oxygen out which can cause sever damaged
What components of hemoglobin are recycled?
Clinical relevance of understanding what happens to the heme group
