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Biol 243 > Ch 19 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch 19 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

A

proteins

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2
Q

How plasma and interstitial are similar

A

Water, ions, and small solutes are keep exchanging among them across the walls of capillaries.

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3
Q

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume

A

55; 92

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4
Q

Name three plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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5
Q

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

A

Liver

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6
Q

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

A

albumins

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7
Q

What is contribution of albumins

A

Osmotic pressure of plasma

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8
Q

What is basic framework of blood clots

A

The large insoluble strand of fibrin made from fibrinogen interactions

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9
Q

A plasma protein essential for blood clotting is

A

fibrinogen.

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10
Q

All of the following are functions of blood

A

transporting gases and hormones.
defending against pathogens.
regulating pH.
regulating ion concentration.

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11
Q

The protein(s) that are the major contributors to plasma osmolarity is/are

A

albumins

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12
Q

What includes globulins and what are their functions

A

Include antibodies (also called immunoglobulins), transport globulins.
- They attack foreign proteins and pathogens.
- Transport globulins bind small ions, hormones and other compounds.

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13
Q

You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value of your blood would be ________ than normal because ________.

A

higher; you have less blood plasma volume

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14
Q

The following statements about blood are true

A

the viscosity is five times greater than water
it contains about 55 percent plasma
it contains dissolved gases
the pH is slightly alkaline

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15
Q

What does blood transport

A
  • gasses oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • nutrients: amino acids, glucose etc
  • metabolic waste: carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste and acids.
  • hormones:
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16
Q

How’s the color of blood

A

Bright red for oxygenated blood
Dark red for deoxygenated blood
It is related to hemoglobin

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17
Q

The formed elements of blood consist of __________.

A

The formed elements of blood consist of __________.
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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18
Q

What’s blood pH

A

Slightly alkaline 7.35- 7.45

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19
Q

Define viscosity of blood

A
  • 5x that of warm
  • affected by hydration, factors those affect red blood cell production and blood doping
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20
Q

What binds to heme structure on the hemoglobin molecule?

A

oxygen

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21
Q

Blood regulate:

A

-pH and ion composition, body temperature, and fluid volume

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22
Q

How blood protect?

A

-immune Defense: plasma proteins, WBC, and other immune system components
- prevention of blood loss called hemostasis

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23
Q

Blood components

A
  • Plasma —> 55% of blood, least dense
  • Buffy coat —> WBC & platelets, <1% of whole blood
  • RBC —> 45% of whole blood (hematocrite), most dense
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24
Q

What are organic nutrients?

A

-Lipids: cholesterol, fatty acid & glycerides
- carbohydrates: glucose
- amino acid

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25
Q

What organic nutrients used for?

A

Used for ATP production, growth, and cell maintenance.

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26
Q

What electrolytes use for?

A

Vital cellular activities

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27
Q

What are Major electrolytes

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, HCO3-, HPO4-, & SO4-2.

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28
Q

What is organic waste in plasma

A

Urea, uric acid, ammonium ions, creatinine and bilirubin.

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29
Q

Characteristics of RBC

A
  • giving blood it’s most volume and color.
  • lack nucleus
  • transport oxygen & to a lesser degree CO2
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30
Q

Types of WBC

A
  1. Eosinophil & 2. Neutrophil: phagocytes
  2. Basophil: promotes inflammation
  3. Monocytes: phagocytes
  4. Lymphocytes: uncommon in blood but dominate in lymph.
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31
Q

WBC characteristics

A
  • nucleated
  • defend body from infection and disease
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32
Q

How phil group works

A

Eosinophil and neutrophil are phagocytes (macrophages) while basophil promotes inflammation just like mast cells

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33
Q

Platelets characteristic

A

Platelets are membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting.
These cell fragments are involved in the clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels.

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34
Q

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following

A

-when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted.
-high altitude.
-as a consequence of hemorrhage.
-anemia.

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35
Q

The function of red blood cells is to

A

carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

36
Q

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

A

iron-deficiency anemia

37
Q

Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?

A

reticulocytes

38
Q

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

A

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

39
Q

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

A

heme molecules lacking iron.

40
Q

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is

A

recycled to the red bone marrow.

41
Q

Which mature cell has no nucleus, no mitochondria and no ribosomes?

A

erythrocyte

42
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone

A

released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

43
Q

Which of the following is a way that red blood cell shape is significant?

A
  • It allows fast exchange of gases between the inside of the cell and the plasma.
  • It enables red blood cells to form stacks.
  • It allows red blood cells to bend and flex.
  • It gives the red blood cell a large surface area to volume ratio.
44
Q

Which of the following is true regarding red blood cells?

A

They are anucleate.

45
Q

When hemoglobin does not have oxygen bound to hemoglobin it is termed

A

deoxyhemoglobin.

46
Q

When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin it is termed

A

carbaminohemoglobin.

47
Q

Mrs. Higgins needs to have major surgery. Two weeks before the surgery, her doctor prescribes EPO. Which of the following statements best explains his reason for doing this?

A

By prescribing EPO, the doctor can stimulate Mrs. Higgins’s body to produce an overabundance of RBCs, which can be harvested and saved for her surgery.

48
Q

What blood type does the cell indicated by the red arrow represent?
arrow is on cell that have no surface protein and have antibodies scattered.

A

Type O

49
Q

Type A blood has what type of RBC surface antigen and what type of opposing antibodies?

A

antigen A; anti-B antibodies

50
Q

A person’s blood type is determined by the

A

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

51
Q

People with type AB blood are considered the “universal recipient” for transfusions because

A

their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

52
Q

Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?

A

RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.

53
Q

Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of

A

Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.

54
Q

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

A

agglutinogens; agglutinins

55
Q

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive

56
Q

A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because

A

there are many more surface antigens on red blood cells other than A, B and Rh.

57
Q

You have type B positive blood. What are all the types of packed RBCs you can receive?

A

B positive, B negative, O positive, O negative

58
Q

In an emergency situation when you have no time to wait for cross-matched blood you could give a patient type ________ until the cross-match is available

A

O negative

59
Q

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called

A

agglutination.

60
Q

People with type O blood are considered “universal donors” for transfusions because __________.

A

their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens

61
Q

A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT __________.

A

B+

62
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

A

hormone that regulates white blood cell formation

63
Q

Which of the following is not true of monocytes?

A

about same size as basophils

64
Q

A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count?

A

neutrophils

65
Q

Which white blood cell is most effective against parasitic infections?

A

eosinophils

66
Q

All of the following characteristics describe neutrophils EXCEPT that

A

they release histamine

67
Q

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

A

megakaryocytes

68
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the function of platelets?

A

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

69
Q

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

A

Coagulation

70
Q

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by

A

the liver

71
Q

The process of fibrinolysis

A

dissolves clots.

72
Q

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver’s ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

A

hemorrhage.

73
Q

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

A

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

74
Q

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

A

thrombin.

75
Q

A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n)

A

blood clot

76
Q

A blood clot attached to the inner surface of a blood vessel is called a

A

thrombus.

77
Q

the first step of hemostasis is

A

vascular spasm.

78
Q

Which of the following could be used as a treatment for a stroke if given early in the disease progression?

A

tissue plasminogen activator

79
Q

How does the biconcave-disc shape facilitate function of RBC?

A
  • Efficiency of gas exchange
    • High surface area to volume ratio
    • Short exchange distance
  • Ability to move through small blood vessels (capillaries)
80
Q

What are the benefits of RBC being anucleate?

A
  • More space for heme group to add O2
81
Q

What is the importance of no mitochondria in RBC?

A
  • no usage of energy for cellular respiration
  • no used of O2 for cellular respiration and available more oxygen for body
82
Q

What RBC unable to do in the absence of nucleus?

A
  • they can’t repair themselves
  • they can’t divide
  • they don’t make immune protein
  • they get replaced regularly
83
Q

Define hemolysis

A

The rupture of RBC in the blood stream

84
Q

Define hematocrit

A

The percentage of a blood sample that consists of formed elements (most are RBC)

85
Q

What does carbon monoxide interfere with?

A

It has more infinity to heme group than oxygen. So it ended up occupying all places and let oxygen out which can cause sever damaged

86
Q

What components of hemoglobin are recycled?

A
87
Q

Clinical relevance of understanding what happens to the heme group

A

Biol 243 (5 decks)

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