Ch. 22 Psychiatry Flashcards
Psychiatry
treatment of the mind
with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness
Psychiatrists
MD’s (Medical Doctor)
went to medical school, completed and internship
sped years in training and practicing psychotherapy and psychopharamcology
complete 4 years of residency then extra years of fellowship training to specialize in various aspects of psychiatry
What do child psychiatrists specialize in?
the treatment of children
What do forensic psychiatrists specialize in?
the legal aspects of psychiatry; to determine whether someone is mentally competent to stand trial
What area does a psychiatrist require specialized training?
psychoanalysis
Psychology
study of the mind
Psychologists
have a PhD
get a bachelors, maters, then a doctorate in Psychology
more of an academic degree
What area is most of the work done by psychologists in?
research and counseling
Are psychologists medical or non-medical?
non-medical
What can psychologists further specialize in where they would work in a clinical setting in a hospital or outpatient treatment facility, where they would work with psychiatrists to try and treat patients?
clinical psychology
What other 2 areas can psychologists work in?
experimental research where they can do research in the area of psychology
social psychology where they can look at social interaction and behavior
What else can a clinical psychologist do?
clinical psychologists can use psychotherapy to treat patients
psychiatrists can prescribe medications
What are 2 things a clinical psychologist cannot do?
prescribe medications
perform ECT (electroconvulsive shock therapy)
What are clinical psychologists trained with?
using various tools in regards to learning more about a patient’s mental health and intelligence
What are 4 tests a clinical psychologists can use?
2 IQ Test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale
2 Personality Tests
Rorschach Technique
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rorschach Technique
uses ink blots
10 cards that contain ink blots and the patient describes what they see in the ink blots
psychologists is looking for a pattern in the patient’s responses to help determine what’s on their mind
Amnesia
loss of memory
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
uses pictures where the patient would make up stories
ask patient to tell a story that the picture illustrates
Anxiety
varying degrees of uneasiness, apprehension, or dread often accompanied by palpitations, tightness in the chest, breathlessness, and chocking sensations
Apathy
an absence of emotions; lack of interest, emotional involvement, or motivation
Compulsion
the uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
Conversion
when anxiety becomes bodily symptom; in severe cases a patient may experience blindness, deafness, or paralysis that does not have a physical basis
Delusion
a fixed false belief that can’t be changed by logical reasoning or evidence
What is an example of a delusion?
when someone believes something that is not true, and you can’t change their mind
Dissociation
when uncomfortable feelings are separated from their real object, to avoid mental distress, the feelings are redirected toward a second object or behavior pattern
Dysphoria
a condition of carrying bad things, sadness, hopelessness; depressive mood or feeling “low”
Euphoria
an exaggerated feeling of well-being “high”, whether chemically or mentally induced
Hallucination
a false or unreal sensory perception
What is an example of a hallucination?
hearing voices when none are present
What can cause hallucinations?
mental illness, drugs
Illusion
a false perception of an actual sensory stimulus
Labile
variable; undergoing rapid emotional change
What is an example of a labile?
crying one minute, laughing the next
Mania
elation or irritability, associated with distractibility, hyperactivity, talkativeness, injudicious acts, flight of ideas, and racing thoughts
Mutism
a non-reactive state with the inability to speak
Obsession
an involuntary, persistent idea or emotion
Pyromania
an obsession with fire
Paranoia
overly suspicious system of thinking; fixed delusion that one is being harassed persecuted, or unfairly treated
feeling like a victim
Sigmund Freud
work in the area of personality and came to understand and determine that the personality is made up of 3 parts
What are the 3 parts that Sigmund Freud determined makes up someone’s personality?
Id
Ego
Superego
Id
unconscious instincts and psychic energy present from birth
basic drives that are operating according to the pleasure principle
seek immediate gratification regardless of the reality of the situation
Ego
central coordinating branch of the personality
mediator between the id and the outside whole
deals with reality and postpones the gratification of a need or drive until a satisfactory object of situation arises
perceived as being “self” by the individual
Superego
internalized conscience and moral part of the personality
encompasses the send of discipline derived from parental authority and society
where you would have guilt feelings that would arise from behavior and thoughts that do not conform to the standards of the superego
Psychosis
used to describe mental illness
What factors does psychosis involve?
significant impairment of reality testing, severe mental illness where you would have symptoms of delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), and bizarre behavior
What would be an example of a psychoses and describe it?
Schizophrenic disorder
a disturbed sense of self, inappropriate affect (emotional reactions), and withdrawal from the external world
Anxiety disorder
the experience of unpleasent tension, distress, troubled feelings, and avoidance behavior
Panic attack
period of intense fear or discomfort in which symptoms develop abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes
Panic Disorder
condition characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent concern about having another panic attack in between episodes
Phobic Disorder
irrational or debilitating fears associated with a specific object or situation
Agoraphobia
fear of being in open, crowded, public places from which escape would be difficult or in which help might not be available; going out alone in “unsafe” places
Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
fear of situations in which the affected person is open to public scrutiny; could result in possible embarrassment and humiliation
What is an example of a Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)?
fear may focus on speaking in public, using public restrooms, or eating in public
Claustrophobia
fear of closed-in spaces
Acrophobia
fear of heights
Zoophobia
fear of animals
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive acts (compulsions) that dominate the patient’s life
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
development of symptoms (intense fear, helplessness, insomnia, nightmares, and diminished responsiveness to the external world) following exposure to a traumatic event
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
characterized by chronic anxiety and exaggerated worry and tensions even when there is little or nothing to provoke such feelings
Bipolar disorders
characterized by one or more manic episodes alternating with depressive episodes
Manic episode
period during which the predominant mood is excessively elevated or irritable
What are some associated symptoms with bipolar disorders?
inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech with quick changes of topic, distractibility, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high or painful consequence
Hypomania
mood resembling mania, but lesser intensity
Bipolar disorder I
one or more manic episodes, often alternating with major depressive episodes
Bipolar disorder II
recurrent major depressive episodes alternating with hypomanic episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
mild form of bipolar disorder by at least 2 years of numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for mania and depressive symptoms do not meet the criteria for a major depressive disorder
Depressive Disorder
marked by the occurrence of one or more major depressive episodes without a history of mania or hypomania
Major Depressive Disorder
episodes of severe dysphoria (sadness, hopelessness, worry discouragement)
What are some other symptoms of major depressive disorder?
appetite disturbances and changes in weight, sleep disorders, fatigue or low energy, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or excessive or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia)
a depressive disorder involving depressed mood (feeling sad or “down in the dumps”) persists over a 2 year period but is not as severe as major depression
Are psychotic features found in Major Depressive Disorder or Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Major Depressive Disorder
What relationship have researchers noted between which depression and a particular period of the year
the onset of an episode of depressive disorder and the winter time called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Dissociative Disorder
condition involving breakdown in memory, identity, or perception
escape reality through amnesia or alternate identities
Eating Disorders
severe disturbances in eating behavior
Anorexia Nervosa
characterized by refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight
so afraid of gaining weight, they just don’t eat
Anorexia
lack of appetite
Bulimia Nervosa
characterized by binge eating (uncontrolled indulgence in food) followed by purging (eliminating food from the body)
bulimia
abnormal increase in hunger
Neurocognitive Disorders
marked by disturbances in cognition (thinking, perception, reason, and judgement)
What are the primary features of neurocognitive disorders?
Delirium and Dementia
Delirium
acute episodes of confused thinking, disorientation, and behavioral changes, such as agitation and fear
How is delirium caused?
drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances
Delirium tremors (DT’s)
brought on by stopping alcohol consumption suddenly after prolonged periods of heavy alcohol ingestion
Dementia
progressive loss of intellectual abilities such as judgement, memory, reasoning, and changes in personality
What are some other symptoms of dementia?
difficulty with language and with simple acts like dressing or brushing teeth
What is the most common cause of dementia?
Alzheimer Disease
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
a group of childhood disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills
Autism spectrum disorders (autism)
usually evident during the first 3 years of life
What is autism characterized by?
difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication and in social play interactions
Asperger Syndrome
referred to as a less severe type of autism
What is Asperger syndrome characterized by?
normal language skills and normal intelligence, usually want to interact with others but don’t know how to do it
Personality Disorder
enduring pattern of thinking and behaving contrary to what is culturally acceptable
When do personality disorders first become evident and what do they typically lead to?
early adulthood and leads to distress or conflict with others
What are the Cluster A personality disorders?
Paranoid and Schizoid
Paranoid
pattern of distrust and suspiciousness so that motives of others are interpreted as malicious; quick to take offense
Schizoid
pattern of detachment from social relationships with restricted range of emotions; cold, aloof, and indifferent to the feelings of others
What are the Cluster B personality disorders?
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Antisocial
pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Borderline
pattern of instability and interpersonal relationships and sense of self
Histrionic
pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking
Narcissistic
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
What are the Cluster C personality disorders?
Obsessive-compulsive
Obsessive compulsive
pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and control
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
chronic psychoses marked by disturbed thinking and disorganized speech
Disorganized thinking (speech)
person may switch from one topic to another resulting in incoherent speech
Abnormal motor behavior
involuntary movements and mannerisms from childlike “silliness” to unpredictable agitation
Negative symptoms
flatness of affect (diminished emotional expression) and unwillingness to initiate purposeful activities
Sexual dysfunctions
disturbances in a person’s ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure
Paraphilias
characterized by recurrent, intense, sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors that involve sexual objects, activities, or situations
Exhinitionism
compulsive need to expose one’s body, particularly the genitals, to an unsuspecting stranger
Fetishism
use of nonliving objects (articles of clothing) as substitutes for a human sexual love object
Pedophilia
sexual urges and fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (13 yrs old or younger)
Somatic Symptom Disorders
patient’s mental conflicts are expressed as physical symptoms
What are some somatic symptom disorder physical symptoms?
abdominal pain, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, palpitations, deafness, blindness, and paralysis
Illness Anxiety Disorder
a preoccupation with having or acquiring a severe illness
Conversion Disorder
marked by specific neurologic signs or symptoms (numbness, paralysis, or blindness) with no actual, organic basis
symptoms are the result of anxiety and unconscious inner conflict
Substance-related and addictive disorders
characterized by symptoms and behavioral changes associated with regular use or discontinuation of substances that affect the CNS
Psychological dependence
a compulsion to continue taking a drug despite adverse consequences
Physiologic dependence
the onset of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued abrutly
What is a significant feature of physiologic dependence?
tolerance
Tolerance
declining effect of the drug so that the dose must be increased to give the same effect
can be with alcohol and narcotic drugs
What are the major therapeutic techniques that are used to treat psychiatric disorders?
psychotherapy
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
drug therapy (psychopharmacology)
Psychotherapy
treatment of emotional problems and disorders using psychological techniques
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
applying an electrical current to the brain while the patient is under anesthesia with assisted ventilation
trying to convulse the patients
When is ECT chiefly used?
serious depression
the depressive phase of bipolar disorder
Antianxiety and antipanic agents
used to lessen anxiety, tension, and agitation, associated with panic attacke
Antidepressants
gradually reverse depression symptoms and return patient to a more even state, less persistent and less severe depressive symptoms
Anti-obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
agents are prescribed to relieve the symptoms of OCD
Antipsychotics
suppress psychotic symptoms and behavior
Mood stabilizers
used primarily to treat patients with mood changes associated with bipolar disorder
Hypnotics
used to produce sleep and relieve insomnia
Stimulants
prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and to a lesser extent, adults
anxi/o
uneasy, anxious, distressed
aut/o
self
hallucin/o
hallucination, to wander in the mind
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
treatment
ment/o
mind
neur/o
nerve
phil/o
attraction to love
phren/o
mind
psych/o
mind
schiz/o
spilt
schizophrenia
condition of a spilt mind
somat/o
body
psychosomatic
pertaining to mind and body
-genic
produced by
-leptic
to seize hold of
-mania
obsessive preoccupation
-phobia
fear (irrational and often disabling)
-phoria
feeling, bearing
-thymia
mind
a-
no,not
an-
no,not
cata-
down
hypo-
deficient, less than, below
para-
abnormal
AD
Alzheimer disease (form of dementia
ADHD
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
CA
chronological age
MA
mental age (as determined by psychological test)
CNS
central nervous system
DT
delirium tremens
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
IQ
IQ test
What IQ test score is the average person considered to have?
between 90 and 110
What score is considered mentally retarded?
below 70
OCD
obsessive compulsive disorder
PTSD
post-traumatic stress disorder
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
TAT
Thematic Apperception Test
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
