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HIM 361 > Ch. 21 Pharmacology > Flashcards

Ch. 21 Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are drugs?

A

substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease

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2
Q

Where are drugs obtained from?

A

plants, animals, they can be synthesized in a lab

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3
Q

Where do vitamins come from?

A

plant or animal sources and they are contained in foods

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4
Q

Pharmacist

A

an individual who is responsible preparing and dispensing drugs

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5
Q

Pharmacy

A

a storefront where drugs are prepared and dispensed

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6
Q

Via what way is a pharmacist allowed to dispense a prescription medication?

A

a written order from a physician

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7
Q

What is the written order referred to as written from a physician?

A

prescription

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8
Q

How long does it take to become a pharmacist?

A

most colleges offer a pharmacy degree and it takes about 6 to 7 years

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9
Q

What else are pharmacists responsible for?

A

consulting with and advising licensed practitioners about drugs; answering questions from the patient about their prescription

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10
Q

Pharmacy technician

A

can help licensed pharmacists by providing medication and other products to the patient

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11
Q

Pharmacology

A

the study of the discovery, properties, uses, and actions of drugs

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12
Q

What 2 things can a pharmacologist be?

A

a MD, who is a doctor of medicine, who actually went to medical school and completed an internship and residency

or

a PhD, a doctor of philosophy meaning the person has obtained a bachelor’s, masters, and doctoral degree, more of an academic doctorate

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13
Q

Chemotherapy

A

study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body

treatment of choice for infectious diseases and cancer

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14
Q

Toxicology

A

study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body

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15
Q

Toxicologists

A

interested in finding antidotes that are appropriate for specific harmful effects of drugs

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16
Q

What is the purpose of an antidote?

A

to neutralize the effects of a drug

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17
Q

What are the 3 names a drug can have?

A

chemical name
generic name
brand name

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18
Q

What is the chemical name?

A

what specifies the exact chemical formula of the drug; often a very long and complicated name

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19
Q

What is the generic name?

A

shorter and less complicated and it identifies the drug legally and scientifically

only 1 generic name for each drug

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20
Q

What is a brand name or trade name?

A

the trademark, the private property if the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it

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21
Q

What does a brand name have on it to show it’s been registered?

A

a superscript “R” with a circle around it

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22
Q

What is capitalized in the brand name?

A

first letter of the brand name, whereas generic names are not

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23
Q

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A

entity in the United States that has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be sold

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24
Q

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

A

an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufactures that reviews the available commercial drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness

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25
Q

What are the 3 important standards of the USP?

A

Drug must be safe
Drug must be clinically useful (effective for patients)
Drug must be available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods)

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26
Q

Hospital Formulary

A

most complete and up-to date listing which gives information about characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care ) as approved by that particular hospital

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27
Q

Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

A

published by a private firm, and drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed

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28
Q

What does the PDR provide?

A

useful reference with several different indices to identify drugs

with a complete description of the drug properties and approved indications

gives precautions, warnings about side effects

information about the recommended dosage and administration of each drug

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29
Q

Oral Administration

A

the most common and indicates the drug can be given by mouth; slowly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach or intestinal wall

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30
Q

Sublingual Administration

A

pertaining to below the tongue

drugs are placed under the tongue and dissolve in the saliva so absorption is rapid

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31
Q

What are nitroglycerin tablets administered for?

A

under the tongue to treat attacks of angina (chest pain)

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32
Q

Rectal Administration

A

administering drugs through a suppository, a cone-shaped object containing drugs

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33
Q

What type of solutions are inserted into the rectum?

A

aqueous

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34
Q

Why would one administer drugs via the rectum?

A

when oral administration presents difficulties like the patient is nauseated and vomiting

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35
Q

Parenteral Administration

A

process of injection of a drug using a syringe (tube) through a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein, or body cavity

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36
Q

Intracavitary instillation

A

injection made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity

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37
Q

Intradermal injection

A

shallow injection that is made into the upper layers of the skin, used in skin testing for allergic reactions

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38
Q

Subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (subQ)

A

when a small hypodermic (pertaining to below the skin) needle is introduced into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin

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39
Q

What are the typical areas for a subcutaneous injection?

A

upper arm, thigh, or abdomen

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40
Q

Intramuscular injection (IM)

A

when the buttocks or upper arm is the usual site for injection into muscle

when drugs are irritating to the skin or large volume of solution must be administered

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41
Q

Intrathecal instillation

A

when instillation occurs in the space under the membranes (meninges) surrounding the spinal cord and brain

way to introduce treatment for leukemia

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42
Q

Intravenous injection (IV)

A

injection is given directly into the vein

used for immediate effect from the drug is desired or when drug cannot be safely introduced into other tissues

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43
Q

Which type of injection requires some technical skill to make sure the drug gets into the vein and it doesn’t leak into the surrounding tissues which may result in irritation and inflammation?

A

Intravenous injection (IV)

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44
Q

Pumps

A

battery-powered, can be used for continuous administration of drugs by the subcutaneous or intravenous route; automated

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45
Q

Inhalation

A

vapors or gases are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream via thin walls or air sacs in the lungs

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46
Q

What are particles of drug suspended in the air and are administered by inhalation like many anesthetics?

A

aresols

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47
Q

Topical Application

A

when drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

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48
Q

What are some examples of topical application?

A

antiseptics
antipruritics
transdermal patches

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49
Q

Antispetics

A

fight infection

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50
Q

Antipruritics

A

fight against itching, commonly ointments, creams, and lotions applied to the skin

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51
Q

Transdermal Patches

A

used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin like estrogen for hormone therapy, pain medications, and nicotine for smoking

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52
Q

What are administered orally?

A

caplets
capsules
tablets

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53
Q

What are administered sublingual?

A

tablets

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54
Q

What are administered rectal?

A

suppositories

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55
Q

What are administered parenteral?

A

injections and instillations
intracavitary
intradermal
intramuscular (IM)
intrathecal
intravenous (IV)
subcutaneous (subQ)

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56
Q

What are administered inhalation?

A

aerosols

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57
Q

What are administered topical?

A

lotions
creams
ointments
transdermal patches

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58
Q

Receptor

A

target substance with which the drug interacts to produce its effects

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59
Q

Dose of a drug

A

the amount of a drug administered, usually in milligrams or grams

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60
Q

Schedule

A

the exact timing and frequency of drug administration

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61
Q

Additive Action

A

2 similar drugs that are combined to equal the sum of the effects of each

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62
Q

If 2 drugs give less than an additive effect they are called….

A

antagonistic

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63
Q

If 2 drugs produce greater than additive effects

A

synergistic

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64
Q

Synergism

A

when combination of 2 drugs sometimes can cause an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the drug given alone

1+1=3

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65
Q

Response

A

desired and beneficial effect of a drug

Ex: lowering BP by antihypertensive drugs

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66
Q

Tolerance

A

effects of a given dose diminish as treatment continues and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect

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67
Q

Addiction

A

the physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence of clearly unpleasant effects when that drug or other agents is withdrawn

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68
Q

Controlled substances

A

drugs that produce dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction

69
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity

70
Q

What is an example of an idiosyncrasy?

A

Penicillin will cause an idiosyncratic reaction like anaphylaxis

71
Q

What does anaphylaxis occur as a result of?

A

exposure to a previously encountered drug or foreign substance (antigen)

72
Q

Iatrogenic

A

produced by treatment, so these disorders can occur as a result of mistakes on drug use to b/c of individual sensitivity to a a given treatment

73
Q

Side Effects

A

toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug

74
Q

When do side effects usually occur?

A

with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug, generally tolerable and reversible when the drug is discontinued

75
Q

What are some common side effects?

A

nausea, vomiting, and alopecia for chemotherapy

76
Q

Contraindications

A

factors in a patient’s condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill-advised

don’t give kidney drugs to kidney failure patient

77
Q

Resistance

A

lack of beneficial response and it is seen when drugs that used to be effective are unable to control the disease process in a particular patient

often seen in bacterial infection or cancer

78
Q

Analgesics

A

drugs that lessens pain (pain killer)

79
Q

Ansthetics

A

agents that reduce or eliminate sensation

80
Q

General Anesthetics

A

affect the entire body and put the patient to sleep and are used for surgical procedures to block the perception of pain

81
Q

Local Anesthetics

A

may be limited to a particular region that inhibit the conduction of pain impulses in sensory serves in the region

82
Q

Antibiotics

A

a chemical substance produced by a microorganism (bacterium, yeast, or mold) that inhibits (bacteriostatic) or kills (bactericidal) bacteria, fungi, or parasites

83
Q

Anticoagulants

A

prevent clotting (coagulation) of bloof

prevent formation of clots or break up clots in blood vessels like thrombosis and embolism

84
Q

Heparin

A

a natural anticoagulant

85
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

drugs that prevent or reduce the frequency of convulsions in various types of seizure disorders or epilepsy

86
Q

Antidepressants

A

treat symptoms of depression by elevating mood, increasing physical activity, mental alertness, appetite, and sleep patterns

87
Q

Anti-Alzheimer drugs

A

used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer disease, by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding the brain cells from glutamate

88
Q

Antidiabetics

A

used to treat diabetes mellitus

89
Q

Antihistamines

A

drugs that block the action of histamine (usually released in the body in allergic reactions

90
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a disorder marked by abnormal loss of bone density

91
Q

What drugs are prescribed to increase calcium deposition in bone?

A

calcium, vitamin D, and estrogen

92
Q

Cardiovascular Drugs

A

act on the heart or blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina (pain due to decreased oxygen delivery to heart muscle), myocardial infarction (heart attack), congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias

93
Q

Endocrine preparations

A

act in much the same manner as the naturally occuring (endogenous) hormones (hormone replacement therapy)

94
Q

Gastrointestinal drugs

A

used to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms

95
Q

What are antinauseants (antiemetics) used for?

A

nausea and vomiting

96
Q

Respiratory Drugs

A

prescribed for the treatment of asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchospasm

97
Q

Sedative-hypnotics

A

medication that depress the CNS and promote drowsiness (sedatives) and sleep (hypnotics)

98
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that act on the brain (and do the opposite of a sedative and hypnotics) to speed up vital processes (heart and respiration) for cases like shock and collapse

99
Q

Tranquilizers

A

useful for controlling anxiety

100
Q

aer/o

A

air

101
Q

aerosol

A

pertaining to air

102
Q

alges/o

A

sensitivity to pain

103
Q

analgesic

A

pertaining to no sensitivity to pain

104
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchial tube

105
Q

chem/o

A

drug

106
Q

cras/o

A

mixture

107
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

108
Q

derm/o

A

skin

109
Q

erg/o

A

work

110
Q

esthes/o

A

feeling, sensation

111
Q

anesthesia

A

no feeling, no sensation

112
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

113
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

114
Q

iatr/o

A

treatmentl

115
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

116
Q

myc/o

A

mold, fungus

117
Q

narc/o

A

stupor

118
Q

or/o

A

mouth

119
Q

pharmac/o

A

drug

120
Q

prurit/o

A

itching

121
Q

pyret/o

A

fever

122
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (of brain and spinal cord)

123
Q

tox/o

A

posion

124
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

125
Q

vax/o

A

vessel

126
Q

ven/o

A

vein

127
Q

vit/o

A

life

128
Q

ana-

A

upward, excessive, again

129
Q

anti-

A

against

130
Q

contra-

A

against, opposite

131
Q

par-

A

other than, apart from

132
Q

syn-

A

together, with

133
Q

a.c., ac

A

before meals

134
Q

ad lib

A

as desired, freely, whenever you want

134
Q

b.i.d, bid

A

2 times a day

134
Q

c (with a line above it)

A

with

135
Q

Caps

A

capsules

136
Q

FDA

A

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

137
Q

gm, g

A

gram

138
Q

gtt

A

drops

139
Q

h

A

hour

140
Q

h.s., hs

A

at bedtime

141
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

142
Q

IV

A

intravenous

143
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

144
Q

NSAID

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

145
Q

p (with a line above it)

A

after (post)

146
Q

p.c., pc

A

after meals

147
Q

PCA

A

patient controlled analgesia

148
Q

PDR

A

Physician’s Desk Reference

149
Q

PO, p.o., po

A

by mouth

150
Q

P.R.N., prn

A

as needed; as necessary

151
Q

Pt

A

patient

152
Q

q

A

every

153
Q

q.h., qh

A

every hour

154
Q

q2h

A

every 2 hours

155
Q

q.i.d., qid

A

4 times a day

156
Q

q.s., qs

A

sufficient quantity

157
Q

qAM

A

every morning

158
Q

qPM

A

every evening

159
Q

Rx

A

prescription

160
Q

s (with a line above it)

A

without

161
Q

Sig.

A

directions

162
Q

SL

A

sublingual

163
Q

s.o.s

A

if it is necessary

164
Q

subQ

A

subcutaneous

165
Q

tab

A

tablet

166
Q

t.i.d., tid

A

3 times daily

HIM 361 (4 decks)

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