Ch 22: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
heart
A
the center of the cardiovascular system; mechanical pump
2
Q
72
A
the heart beats ~___ times per minute on average
3
Q
great vessels
A
arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart
4
Q
arteries
A
carry blood away from the heart
5
Q
veins
A
carry blood back to the heart
6
Q
right heart
A
directs blood to the lungs –> gas exchange
7
Q
left heart
A
directs blood to body tissues –> gas, nutrient, waste delivery
8
Q
heart valves
A
regulate unidirectional blood flow
9
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
right heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries –> lungs
after gas exchange, pulmonary veins carry blood –> left heart
10
Q
systemic circulation
A
left heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries –> body’s cells
nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes are exchanged, and systemic veins carry the blood back to the right heart
11
Q
mediastinum
A
heart is located singly left of midline, deep to the sternum, in the _________
between ribs 2-6 anteriorly
between vertebrae T5-T8 posteriorly
12
Q
base
A
posteriosuperior surface of the heart
13
Q
apex
A
inferior conical end pointed, tip of heart
14
Q
left, upright
A
heart may reside in the thoracic cavity with the apex tilted to the _____ –OR– with the base _________ so the heart is nearly vertical in the cavity
15
Q
pericardium
A
restricts heart movements within thorax; serous membrane around the heart
16
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
tough outer sac, thick, not elastic, very protective
17
Q
serous pericardium
A
composed of parietal and visceral layers
18
Q
pericardial cavity
A
contains serous fluid, space between parietal and visceral layers
19
Q
parietal pericardium
A
lines internal surface of the body wall
20
Q
visceral pericardium
A
covers external surface of heart
21
Q
serous fluid
A
reduces friction between moving organs in the pericardial cavity
22
Q
heart wall layers
A
(from superficial to deep): epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
23
Q
epicardium
A
visceral layer of serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue - outermost layer (same as visceral layer)
24
Q
myocardium
A
cardiac muscle; thickest of all three layers, muscular layer of the heart, contracts to propel blood
25
endocardium
internal surface of heart chambers; simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue, deep
26
atria (right & left)
deep to auricles, superior to ventricles
| anterior part of each forms an auricle (dog ears)
27
ventricles (right & left)
below, inferior portion of the heart
28
coronary sulcus
groove separating atria and ventricles
29
interventricular sulcus (anterior & posterior)
separates the right and left ventricles
30
interventricular septum
muscular wall separates the ventricles from left and right side
31
AV (atrioventricular) valves
between the atria and the ventricles
32
pectinate muscles
ridges on the internal surface of atrial wall
33
tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
ensures one-way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle through atrioventricular opening
34
atrioventricular opening
tricuspid valve ensures one-way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle through _________ _________
35
deoxygenated
right ventricle receives _________ _________ from right atrium
36
trabecular carneae
irregular muscular ridges displayed on the inner wall of each ventricle
37
papillary muscles
cone-shaped muscle projections anchoring the cord tendinae
38
cord tendineae
prevents cusps from flipping into atrium when ventricle contracts
39
septomarginal trabecula
connects anterior papillary muscle of right ventricle to atrioventricular septum (DONT NEED TO KNOW)
40
pulmonary semilunar valve
ensures one-way flow from ventricle to pulmonary trunk
41
right ventricle
receives deoxygenated from right atrium
42
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
43
oxygenated
left atrium receives _________ blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
44
pulmonary veins
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers the blood to the left atrium
45
bicuspid valve (left AV valve)
controls blood flow through opening between left atrium and ventricle
forced shut when the left ventricle contracts
46
aortic semilunar valve
controls flow from left ventricle to aorta
47
aorta
largest artery in the body
48
left ventricle
pumps blood through entire systemic circulation; generates high pressures
49
3
left ventricular wall is typically __ x thicker than the right
50
lub
closure of the right (tricuspid) & left (bicuspid) AV valves causes the first heart sound "_________"
51
dub
pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves at base of great arteries, and their closure causes second heart sound "_________"
52
heart murmur
abnormal heart sounds, can be caused by defective heart valves- commonly replace bicuspid valve
53
leaky valves
allows retrograde blood flow from ventricles into atria causing a heart murmur
54
stenotic valves
rigid valves, may have calcium deposits causing a heart murmur
55
ventricular septal defect
blood passes directly between ventricles causing a heart murmur
56
chambers
the heart does not use the blood within its _________ for its own needs
57
coronary circulation
coronary arteries & coronary veins
58
coronary arteries
take blood to the heart wall; supplies the heart wall with oxygen and nutrients
59
coronary veins
bring blood back from the heart wall
60
coronary sulcus
the left and right coronary arteries travel within the _________ _________ and supply heart wall with oxygen and nutrients
61
ascending aorta
the coronary arteries branch off the _________, just superior to the aortic semilunar valve
62
right coronary artery branches
- -> right marginal artery
| - -> posterior interventricular artery
63
right marginal artery
supplies the right border of the heart
64
posterior interventricular artery
supplies posterior surfaces of the left and right ventricles
65
left coronary artery branches
- -> anterior interventricular artery
| - -> circumflex artery
66
anterior interventricular artery
(left anterior descending artery) anterior surface of ventricles, interventricular septum
67
circumflex artery
left atrium & ventricle, more towards the back of the heart
68
great cardiac vein
runs alongside anterior interventricular artery
69
coronary veins
great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac veins; all dump into the coronary sinus
70
coronary sinus
major cardiac veins drain into _________ _________, which drains into the right atrium
71
middle cardiac vein
runs alongside posterior interventricular artery
72
small cardiac vein
travels close to the right marginal artery
73
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
-fatty plaque formation decreases blood supply to the myocardium
-results in diminished heart function
-may cause angina pectoris
risk factors: high BP, smoking, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, inactivity, family history
treatment: medication, changes in diet and exercise
74
angina pectoris
chest pain
75
myocardial infarction (MI) ("heart attack")
death of cardiac muscle cells and the resulting failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the rest of the body
- usually follows occlusion of coronary arteries
- non-contracting scar tissue may start to form
- may be sudden onset because the buildup of plaque (lipids) on the lining of the arteries (atherosclerosis) is asymptomatic
76
lifestyle
_________ changes can reduce the risk of heart disease
- exercise
- diet: low fat & cholesterol intake, and high fruit & vegetable consumption
77
heart disease treatment
clot dissolving enzymes, coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty
78
angioplasty
laser surgery to open constricted coronary arteries
79
autorhythmicity
heart exhibits this by initiating its own heartbeats
80
conducting system
consists of specialized cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to myocardial (contractile) cells
81
SA (sinoatrial) node
where electrical impulses begin; the heart's pacemaker
| sets the normal rate of contraction, about every 0.85 s
82
0.85
the SA node sets the normal rate of contraction, about every _____ seconds
83
AV (atrioventricular) node
impulse travels from the SA node to here
84
AV (atrioventricular) bundle (/bundle of His)
impulse travels from the AV node to here, extending into the interventricular septum
85
purkinje fibers
impulse travels from the left and right bundles (bundle branches) to here, which begin at the heart apex
86
bundle branches
impulse travels from the AV bundle to here
87
ventricular myocardium
impulse spreads from the apex (Purkinje fibers) to all of the _________ _________
88
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
a graph printout of electrical activity across the cardiac conduction system
89
P wave
atrial depolarization
90
QRS complex
when the ventricles contract:
ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization
91
T wave
ventricular repolarization
92
artificial pacemaker
if the cardiac conduction system doesn't function correctly, an _________ _________ can be implanted next to the heart; provides a regular electrical signal to trigger the beat
93
cardiac cycle
the time from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next; includes both contraction & relaxation phases
94
systole
contraction of a chamber; generates pressure to move blood
95
diastole
relaxation of a chamber; allows chamber to fill with blood prior to the next contraction
96
0.85
the cardiac cycle lasts about ___ seconds
97
stage 1 (cardiac cycle)
both semilunar valves close ("dub"), both cuspid valves are open
- atria contract: push blood into the ventricles
- ventricles relax: receive blood from the atria
- if the heart beats about 70 times/min, systole of the atria lasts about .15 seconds
98
stage 2 (cardiac cycle)
both cuspid valves close ("lub"), semilunar valves open
- ventricles contract: blood is pushed out
- systole of ventricles lasts about .3 seconds
99
stage 3 (cardiac cycle)
both semilunar valves are closed
both cuspid valves are open
all chambers fill with blood
100
contract
when the atria _________, the ventricles are in diastole
101
contract
when the ventricles _________, the atria are in diastole
102
.40
then diastole of both atria and both ventricles occurs at the same time -- lasts about ___ seconds
103
foramen ovale
a hole in-between the right & left atria (intraatrial septum) opening between the two atria
- allows some blood to bypass lungs before birth
- flap closes over the opening and grows to the adjoining tissue at birth
104
ductus arteriosus
artery between right pulmonary artery and aortic arch
- serves as a bypass for blood rom lungs to systemic circulation
- @ birth, a muscular layer of the artery goes into permanent spastic contraction and all of the tissue is replaced with CT
