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Human Anatomy 1100 > Ch 22: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch 22: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

heart

A

the center of the cardiovascular system; mechanical pump

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2
Q

72

A

the heart beats ~___ times per minute on average

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3
Q

great vessels

A

arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart

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4
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

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6
Q

right heart

A

directs blood to the lungs –> gas exchange

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7
Q

left heart

A

directs blood to body tissues –> gas, nutrient, waste delivery

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8
Q

heart valves

A

regulate unidirectional blood flow

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9
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries –> lungs
after gas exchange, pulmonary veins carry blood –> left heart

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10
Q

systemic circulation

A

left heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries –> body’s cells
nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes are exchanged, and systemic veins carry the blood back to the right heart

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11
Q

mediastinum

A

heart is located singly left of midline, deep to the sternum, in the _________
between ribs 2-6 anteriorly
between vertebrae T5-T8 posteriorly

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12
Q

base

A

posteriosuperior surface of the heart

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13
Q

apex

A

inferior conical end pointed, tip of heart

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14
Q

left, upright

A

heart may reside in the thoracic cavity with the apex tilted to the _____ –OR– with the base _________ so the heart is nearly vertical in the cavity

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15
Q

pericardium

A

restricts heart movements within thorax; serous membrane around the heart

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16
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough outer sac, thick, not elastic, very protective

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17
Q

serous pericardium

A

composed of parietal and visceral layers

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18
Q

pericardial cavity

A

contains serous fluid, space between parietal and visceral layers

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19
Q

parietal pericardium

A

lines internal surface of the body wall

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20
Q

visceral pericardium

A

covers external surface of heart

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21
Q

serous fluid

A

reduces friction between moving organs in the pericardial cavity

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22
Q

heart wall layers

A

(from superficial to deep): epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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23
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue - outermost layer (same as visceral layer)

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24
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle; thickest of all three layers, muscular layer of the heart, contracts to propel blood

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25
Q

endocardium

A

internal surface of heart chambers; simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue, deep

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26
Q

atria (right & left)

A

deep to auricles, superior to ventricles

anterior part of each forms an auricle (dog ears)

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27
Q

ventricles (right & left)

A

below, inferior portion of the heart

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28
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove separating atria and ventricles

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29
Q

interventricular sulcus (anterior & posterior)

A

separates the right and left ventricles

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30
Q

interventricular septum

A

muscular wall separates the ventricles from left and right side

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31
Q

AV (atrioventricular) valves

A

between the atria and the ventricles

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32
Q

pectinate muscles

A

ridges on the internal surface of atrial wall

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33
Q

tricuspid valve (right AV valve)

A

ensures one-way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle through atrioventricular opening

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34
Q

atrioventricular opening

A

tricuspid valve ensures one-way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle through _________ _________

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35
Q

deoxygenated

A

right ventricle receives _________ _________ from right atrium

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36
Q

trabecular carneae

A

irregular muscular ridges displayed on the inner wall of each ventricle

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37
Q

papillary muscles

A

cone-shaped muscle projections anchoring the cord tendinae

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38
Q

cord tendineae

A

prevents cusps from flipping into atrium when ventricle contracts

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39
Q

septomarginal trabecula

A

connects anterior papillary muscle of right ventricle to atrioventricular septum (DONT NEED TO KNOW)

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40
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

ensures one-way flow from ventricle to pulmonary trunk

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41
Q

right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated from right atrium

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42
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

43
Q

oxygenated

A

left atrium receives _________ blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

44
Q

pulmonary veins

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers the blood to the left atrium

45
Q

bicuspid valve (left AV valve)

A

controls blood flow through opening between left atrium and ventricle
forced shut when the left ventricle contracts

46
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

controls flow from left ventricle to aorta

47
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

48
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood through entire systemic circulation; generates high pressures

49
Q

3

A

left ventricular wall is typically __ x thicker than the right

50
Q

lub

A

closure of the right (tricuspid) & left (bicuspid) AV valves causes the first heart sound “_________”

51
Q

dub

A

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves at base of great arteries, and their closure causes second heart sound “_________”

52
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal heart sounds, can be caused by defective heart valves- commonly replace bicuspid valve

53
Q

leaky valves

A

allows retrograde blood flow from ventricles into atria causing a heart murmur

54
Q

stenotic valves

A

rigid valves, may have calcium deposits causing a heart murmur

55
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

blood passes directly between ventricles causing a heart murmur

56
Q

chambers

A

the heart does not use the blood within its _________ for its own needs

57
Q

coronary circulation

A

coronary arteries & coronary veins

58
Q

coronary arteries

A

take blood to the heart wall; supplies the heart wall with oxygen and nutrients

59
Q

coronary veins

A

bring blood back from the heart wall

60
Q

coronary sulcus

A

the left and right coronary arteries travel within the _________ _________ and supply heart wall with oxygen and nutrients

61
Q

ascending aorta

A

the coronary arteries branch off the _________, just superior to the aortic semilunar valve

62
Q

right coronary artery branches

A
  • -> right marginal artery

- -> posterior interventricular artery

63
Q

right marginal artery

A

supplies the right border of the heart

64
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A

supplies posterior surfaces of the left and right ventricles

65
Q

left coronary artery branches

A
  • -> anterior interventricular artery

- -> circumflex artery

66
Q

anterior interventricular artery

A

(left anterior descending artery) anterior surface of ventricles, interventricular septum

67
Q

circumflex artery

A

left atrium & ventricle, more towards the back of the heart

68
Q

great cardiac vein

A

runs alongside anterior interventricular artery

69
Q

coronary veins

A

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac veins; all dump into the coronary sinus

70
Q

coronary sinus

A

major cardiac veins drain into _________ _________, which drains into the right atrium

71
Q

middle cardiac vein

A

runs alongside posterior interventricular artery

72
Q

small cardiac vein

A

travels close to the right marginal artery

73
Q

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
-fatty plaque formation decreases blood supply to the myocardium
-results in diminished heart function
-may cause angina pectoris
risk factors: high BP, smoking, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, inactivity, family history
treatment: medication, changes in diet and exercise

74
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain

75
Q

myocardial infarction (MI) (“heart attack”)

A

death of cardiac muscle cells and the resulting failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the rest of the body

  • usually follows occlusion of coronary arteries
  • non-contracting scar tissue may start to form
  • may be sudden onset because the buildup of plaque (lipids) on the lining of the arteries (atherosclerosis) is asymptomatic
76
Q

lifestyle

A

_________ changes can reduce the risk of heart disease

  • exercise
  • diet: low fat & cholesterol intake, and high fruit & vegetable consumption
77
Q

heart disease treatment

A

clot dissolving enzymes, coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty

78
Q

angioplasty

A

laser surgery to open constricted coronary arteries

79
Q

autorhythmicity

A

heart exhibits this by initiating its own heartbeats

80
Q

conducting system

A

consists of specialized cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to myocardial (contractile) cells

81
Q

SA (sinoatrial) node

A

where electrical impulses begin; the heart’s pacemaker

sets the normal rate of contraction, about every 0.85 s

82
Q

0.85

A

the SA node sets the normal rate of contraction, about every _____ seconds

83
Q

AV (atrioventricular) node

A

impulse travels from the SA node to here

84
Q

AV (atrioventricular) bundle (/bundle of His)

A

impulse travels from the AV node to here, extending into the interventricular septum

85
Q

purkinje fibers

A

impulse travels from the left and right bundles (bundle branches) to here, which begin at the heart apex

86
Q

bundle branches

A

impulse travels from the AV bundle to here

87
Q

ventricular myocardium

A

impulse spreads from the apex (Purkinje fibers) to all of the _________ _________

88
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

a graph printout of electrical activity across the cardiac conduction system

89
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

90
Q

QRS complex

A

when the ventricles contract:
ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization

91
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

92
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

if the cardiac conduction system doesn’t function correctly, an _________ _________ can be implanted next to the heart; provides a regular electrical signal to trigger the beat

93
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the time from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next; includes both contraction & relaxation phases

94
Q

systole

A

contraction of a chamber; generates pressure to move blood

95
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of a chamber; allows chamber to fill with blood prior to the next contraction

96
Q

0.85

A

the cardiac cycle lasts about ___ seconds

97
Q

stage 1 (cardiac cycle)

A

both semilunar valves close (“dub”), both cuspid valves are open

  • atria contract: push blood into the ventricles
  • ventricles relax: receive blood from the atria
  • if the heart beats about 70 times/min, systole of the atria lasts about .15 seconds
98
Q

stage 2 (cardiac cycle)

A

both cuspid valves close (“lub”), semilunar valves open

  • ventricles contract: blood is pushed out
  • systole of ventricles lasts about .3 seconds
99
Q

stage 3 (cardiac cycle)

A

both semilunar valves are closed
both cuspid valves are open
all chambers fill with blood

100
Q

contract

A

when the atria _________, the ventricles are in diastole

101
Q

contract

A

when the ventricles _________, the atria are in diastole

102
Q

.40

A

then diastole of both atria and both ventricles occurs at the same time – lasts about ___ seconds

103
Q

foramen ovale

A

a hole in-between the right & left atria (intraatrial septum) opening between the two atria

  • allows some blood to bypass lungs before birth
  • flap closes over the opening and grows to the adjoining tissue at birth
104
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

artery between right pulmonary artery and aortic arch

  • serves as a bypass for blood rom lungs to systemic circulation
  • @ birth, a muscular layer of the artery goes into permanent spastic contraction and all of the tissue is replaced with CT

Human Anatomy 1100 (5 decks)

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