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Human Anatomy 1100 > Ch. 19: Senses > Flashcards

Ch. 19: Senses Flashcards

1
Q

stimuli

A

our bodies are constantly exposed to sensory information called _________

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2
Q

sensation

A

conscious awareness of the stimuli

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

stimuli are detected by _________ _________ in our body

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4
Q

general senses

A

senses such as temperature, touch, stretch, and pressure

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5
Q

special senses

A

senses such as gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing

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6
Q

transduction

A

converting the stimuli to an impulse

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7
Q

perception

A

understanding of what the stimuli are

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8
Q

skin, organs

A

general sense receptors are distributed throughout the _________ and _________

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9
Q

head

A

special sense receptors are housed in complex organs in the _________

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10
Q

modality

A

classification by _________ depends on the stimulating agent (e.g., chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc.)

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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid- sense chemicals in a solution: taste, smell

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12
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

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13
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect changes in intensity, color, and position of light: vision (rods & cones)

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14
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch- sense of movement: ear (hair cells)

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15
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect pressure changes within body structures (type of mechanoreceptor)

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16
Q

nociceptors

A

detect painful or harmful stimuli

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17
Q

phantom pain

A

sensation associated within a part of the body that has been removed; in amputees

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18
Q

referred pain

A

impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ but from the skin (example: heart attack may be referred to as dermatomes of T1-T5)

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19
Q

tactile receptors

A

mechanoreceptors that react to touch, pressure, & vibration

  • most numerous type
  • located in the dermis and subcutaneous layer
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20
Q

dermis

A

tactile receptors are located in the _________ and subcutaneous layer

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21
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

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22
Q

gustatory cells

A

_________ _________ are taste receptors housed in specialized organs termed taste buds. they are chemoreceptors

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23
Q

taste buds

A

gustatory cells are taste receptors housed in specialized organs termed _________ _________. they are composed of numerous cells

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24
Q

papillae

A

the taste buds are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue in epithelial and connective tissues elevations called _________

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25
Q

tastants

A

molecules and ions in food detected by gustatory cells

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26
Q

CN 7 (facial)

A

taste buds from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue conduct gustatory information to CNS through _________

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27
Q

CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)

A

taste buds from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue conduct gustatory information to CNS through _________

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28
Q

insula

A

taste is interpreted by the _________

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29
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell; not as sensitive in humans compared to many other animals

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30
Q

odorants

A

_________ are dissolved in the mucus of nasal cavity and detected

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31
Q

taste sensations

A

sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami

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32
Q

gustatory pathway

A

gustatory cells –> CN 7 & 9 (facial, glossopharyngeal) –> insula

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33
Q

olfaction pathway

A

olfactory nerves –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory tract –> temporal lobe

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34
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

lines superior nasal cavity

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35
Q

olfactory nerves

A

formed by bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells

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36
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

axons from neurons foramina of cribriform plate and enter _________ _________

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37
Q

olfactory tracts

A

neurons within olfactory bulbs project axon bundles, called _________ _________, to olfactory cortex of temporal lobe

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38
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

muscles that attach to superficial eyeball attached to cranial nerves that help move the eyeball

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39
Q

eyelids

A

protective covering of the eye

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40
Q

medial canthus

A

inner corner of the eye, where the upper lid meets the lower lid

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41
Q

lateral canthus

A

outer corner of the eye

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42
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

fleshy structure of the eye

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43
Q

conjunctiva

A

a lining of the eyelids and over the anterior surface of eye; does not cover cornea

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44
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produces, collects, and trains lacrimal fluid from the eye

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45
Q

lacrimal fluid

A

tears produced, collected, and drained by the lacrimal apparatus

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46
Q

anterior surface

A

tears lubricate the _________ _________ of the eye

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47
Q

blinking

A

spreads tears across the eye

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48
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces tears

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49
Q

lacrimal canaliculi

A

where excess tears drain into

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50
Q

lacrimal sac

A

collects tears

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51
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

drains out into the nasal cavity

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52
Q

anterior cavity

A

in front of the lens, contains aqueous humor

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53
Q

posterior cavity

A

behind the lens, contains permanent vitreous humor

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54
Q

vitreous humor

A

in the posterior cavity behind the lens; is thicker, jelly vicious - helps eye maintain circular shape

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55
Q

eye wall layers

A

fibrous tunic (sclera/cornea), vascular tunic (vessels), and retina (innermost layer with photoreceptors)

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56
Q

glaucoma

A

produce more new fluid than we absorb, increasing pressure in the intra eye cavity due to too much fluid

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57
Q

fibrous tunic

A

composed of the cornea & sclera

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58
Q

cornea

A

transparent anterior covering of the eye

59
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

60
Q

vascular tunic

A 
3 regions (posterior to anterior):
choroid, ciliary body, iris
61
Q

choroid

A

contains vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina (vascular tunic)

62
Q

ciliary body

A

attaches to lens and changes lens shape; extension of choroid (vascular tunic)

63
Q

iris

A

pigmented part of the anterior eye; defines the pupil (vascular tunic)

64
Q

pupil

A

controls amount of light entering the eye

65
Q

circular sphincter pupillae

A

adjacent to the pupil; when contracted, pupil size decreases (constricts)

66
Q

radial dilator pupillae

A

when contracted, pupil size increases (dilates)

67
Q

retina

A

internal layer of the eye

68
Q

neural layer

A

in the retina, housing photoreceptors and associated neurons

  • receives light; converts energy into nerve impulses (transduction)
  • includes photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells
69
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

outermost layer composed of rods & cones

70
Q

rods

A

important photoreceptors in dim light

  • 120 million/retina
  • more numerous in the periphery
  • night vision
  • low acuity
  • vision in shades of grey
71
Q

cones

A

important photoreceptors for precise vision and color

  • 6 million/retina
  • concentrated in the fovea
  • day vision
  • high acuity
  • color vision
72
Q

bipolar cells

A

synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells

73
Q

ganglion cells

A

innermost layer of the retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve (CN 2)

74
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability to distinguish fine detail

75
Q

optic disc

A

a “blind spot” on the retina lacking photoreceptors; located where ganglion cell axons exit retina to form optic nerve & blood vessels enter and exit the retina

76
Q

foreva centralis

A

a depression in the retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods

  • area of sharpest vision
  • located within the macula lutea
77
Q

macula lutea

A

where the fovea centralists is located; lateral to optic disc

78
Q

sensory ligaments

A

attach to the outer capsule of the lens

79
Q

accommodation

A

ability of the lens to change shape to focus an image

80
Q

retinal photoreceptors

A

convert light to neural signals

81
Q

optic chiasm

A

axons from retina cross to the other side at _________ _________

82
Q

optic tracts

A

extend laterally, posteriorly from chiasm

83
Q

optic radiation

A

extends from the thalamus to the occipital lobe

84
Q

visual pathway

A

cornea –> anterior cavity –> pupil –> lens –> posterior cavity –> photoreceptors –> optic nerve (CN 2) –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> occipital lobe

85
Q

20/20

A

vision is normal

86
Q

20/<20 (EX. 20/15, 20/10)

A

vision is better than normal

87
Q

20/>20 (EX. 20/40, 20/50)

A

vision is worse than normal

88
Q

myopia (nearsightedness)

A

can’t see far objects; eyeball is too long

treatment: lens thinner in the middle and thicker in the outer boarders

89
Q

hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

can’t see near objects; eyeball is too short

treatment: lens that are wider in the middle and thinner on the outside

90
Q

presbyopia

A

type of increase in hyperopia that occurs with age

91
Q

astigmatism

A

irregularity at the surface of the cornea or the lens, light scatters
treatment: treat by specific irregularity

92
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pink eye; inflammation of the conjunctiva

93
Q

cataracts

A

lens that have become cloudy, usually age related (more common in the elderly)
treatment: new lens, old lens shattered

94
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

small, unstable blood vessels develop around the retina & blood vessel ruptures leakage of blood; development of blind spots due to those hemorrhages

95
Q

strabismus

A

misalignment of the eye

treatment: patch the strong eye so weak eye muscles can get stronger

96
Q

external ear

A

contains the auricle/pinna, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum)

97
Q

auricle/pinna

A

where sound waves are collected

98
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

the external opening of the ear channel; where cerumen is produced

99
Q

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

what vibrates and amplifies the sound waves

100
Q

cerumen

A

a waxlike secreted produced by glands deep within the external auditory meatus

101
Q

auditory pathway

A

auricle/pinna –> eternal acoustic meatus –> tympanic membrane –> malleus, incus, & stapes –> cochlea –> cochlear nerve –> temporal lobe

102
Q

middle ear

A

auditory tube, auditory ossicles

103
Q

auditory tube

A

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx; equalizes the pressure in the middle ear

104
Q

auditory ossicles

A

small bones that transmit sound waves to inner ear (males, incus, & stapes)

105
Q

inner ear

A

within petrous portion of temporal bone; helps us maintain balance and equilibrium

106
Q

equilibrium structures

A

function of utricle, saccule, & semicircular canals (inner ear)

107
Q

hearing structure

A

function of cochlea (inner ear)

108
Q

equilibrium

A

refers to awareness of head position

109
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

consists of sensory receptors in the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts

110
Q

static equilibrium

A

head position when head is stationary; detected by utricle and saccule
when the head moves or tilts, otoliths push on gelatin layer, bending hair cells

111
Q

linear acceleration

A

detected by utricle and saccule

112
Q

angular acceleartion

A

rotational movements detected by the semicircular ducts

113
Q

maculae

A

within the utricle and saccule; contains hair cells

114
Q

hair cells

A

mechanoreceptors in the inner ear

115
Q

vestibular nerve

A

when hair cells bend, electrical activity is sent to the brain via the _________ _________

116
Q

otoliths

A

portions of the hair cells of maculae embedded in a gelatinous mass which contains _________: add mass to the membrane to help exaggerate movements

117
Q

otolithic membrane

A

otoliths in the gelatinous mass and portions of the hair cells together form the _________ _________

118
Q

rotational movement

A

receptors within the semicircular ducts detect _________ _________ of the head

119
Q

ampulla

A

within each of the three semicircular canals is an expanded region called the _________

120
Q

crista ampullaris

A

elevated region at base of ampulla covered by an epithelium of hair cells

121
Q

cupula

A

an overlying gelatinous dome the hair cells are embed into

122
Q

endolymph

A

when the head rotates, _________ pushes against cupola and bends stereocilia. this changes hair cell transmitter release and the activity of the sensory neurons

123
Q

cochlea

A

the inner ear organ of hearing

124
Q

cochlear duct

A

within the cochlea & filled with endolymph

125
Q

basilar membrane

A

at the base of the cochlear duct

126
Q

scala vestibuli

A

a chamber filled with perilymph above the cochlea duct

127
Q

scala tympani

A

a chamber filled with perilymph below the cochlear duct

128
Q

organ of Corti

A

of the cochlea containing hair cells, which have mass extensions projecting into an overlying gelatinous mass called the tectorial membrane

129
Q

tectorial membrane

A

an overlying gelatinous mass that the extensions hair cells of the organ of Corti project into

130
Q

pathway of sound waves (in inner ear)

A

oval window –> perilymph of Scala vestibule –> endolymph of cochlear duct –> organ of Corti (on basilar membrane) –> sound vibrations stimulate the receptor hair cells

131
Q

cochlear branch

A

sensory impulses are triggered on fibers of _________ _________ of vestibulocochlear nerve

132
Q

auditory cortex

A

(temporal lobe) interprets sensory impulses

133
Q

frequencies

A

receptor cells have different sensitivities to different _________

134
Q

pitch discrimination

A

sound waves of various frequencies stimulate different parts of basilar membrane

135
Q

amplitude

A

loudness (intensity) depends on _________ of vibration

136
Q

tympanic

A

louder sound sources cause _________ membrane to vibrate more in and out; doesn’t change frequency

137
Q

deflection

A

greater tympanic membrane _________ results in greater membrane movement & greater bending of hair cells in responsive region

138
Q

tinnitis

A

ringing in the ear

139
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

fluid collects in the middle ear

treatment: insert tube in outer ear for child to transfer out fluid

140
Q

otitis

A

inflammation of the ear, ear infection

141
Q

externa otitis

A

infection in the outer ear caused by water (swimmers ear)

142
Q

media otitis

A

infection in the middle ear

143
Q

interna otitis

A

infection in the inner ear, most severe

Human Anatomy 1100 (5 decks)

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