Ch. 19: Senses Flashcards
1
Q
stimuli
A
our bodies are constantly exposed to sensory information called _________
2
Q
sensation
A
conscious awareness of the stimuli
3
Q
sensory receptors
A
stimuli are detected by _________ _________ in our body
4
Q
general senses
A
senses such as temperature, touch, stretch, and pressure
5
Q
special senses
A
senses such as gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing
6
Q
transduction
A
converting the stimuli to an impulse
7
Q
perception
A
understanding of what the stimuli are
8
Q
skin, organs
A
general sense receptors are distributed throughout the _________ and _________
9
Q
head
A
special sense receptors are housed in complex organs in the _________
10
Q
modality
A
classification by _________ depends on the stimulating agent (e.g., chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc.)
11
Q
chemoreceptors
A
detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid- sense chemicals in a solution: taste, smell
12
Q
thermoreceptors
A
detect changes in temperature
13
Q
photoreceptors
A
detect changes in intensity, color, and position of light: vision (rods & cones)
14
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
detect touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch- sense of movement: ear (hair cells)
15
Q
baroreceptors
A
detect pressure changes within body structures (type of mechanoreceptor)
16
Q
nociceptors
A
detect painful or harmful stimuli
17
Q
phantom pain
A
sensation associated within a part of the body that has been removed; in amputees
18
Q
referred pain
A
impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ but from the skin (example: heart attack may be referred to as dermatomes of T1-T5)
19
Q
tactile receptors
A
mechanoreceptors that react to touch, pressure, & vibration
- most numerous type
- located in the dermis and subcutaneous layer
20
Q
dermis
A
tactile receptors are located in the _________ and subcutaneous layer
21
Q
gustation
A
sense of taste
22
Q
gustatory cells
A
_________ _________ are taste receptors housed in specialized organs termed taste buds. they are chemoreceptors
23
Q
taste buds
A
gustatory cells are taste receptors housed in specialized organs termed _________ _________. they are composed of numerous cells
24
Q
papillae
A
the taste buds are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue in epithelial and connective tissues elevations called _________
25
tastants
molecules and ions in food detected by gustatory cells
26
CN 7 (facial)
taste buds from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue conduct gustatory information to CNS through _________
27
CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
taste buds from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue conduct gustatory information to CNS through _________
28
insula
taste is interpreted by the _________
29
olfaction
sense of smell; not as sensitive in humans compared to many other animals
30
odorants
_________ are dissolved in the mucus of nasal cavity and detected
31
taste sensations
sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami
32
gustatory pathway
gustatory cells --> CN 7 & 9 (facial, glossopharyngeal) --> insula
33
olfaction pathway
olfactory nerves --> olfactory bulb --> olfactory tract --> temporal lobe
34
olfactory epithelium
lines superior nasal cavity
35
olfactory nerves
formed by bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells
36
olfactory bulbs
axons from neurons foramina of cribriform plate and enter _________ _________
37
olfactory tracts
neurons within olfactory bulbs project axon bundles, called _________ _________, to olfactory cortex of temporal lobe
38
extrinsic muscles
muscles that attach to superficial eyeball attached to cranial nerves that help move the eyeball
39
eyelids
protective covering of the eye
40
medial canthus
inner corner of the eye, where the upper lid meets the lower lid
41
lateral canthus
outer corner of the eye
42
lacrimal caruncle
fleshy structure of the eye
43
conjunctiva
a lining of the eyelids and over the anterior surface of eye; does not cover cornea
44
lacrimal apparatus
produces, collects, and trains lacrimal fluid from the eye
45
lacrimal fluid
tears produced, collected, and drained by the lacrimal apparatus
46
anterior surface
tears lubricate the _________ _________ of the eye
47
blinking
spreads tears across the eye
48
lacrimal gland
produces tears
49
lacrimal canaliculi
where excess tears drain into
50
lacrimal sac
collects tears
51
nasolacrimal duct
drains out into the nasal cavity
52
anterior cavity
in front of the lens, contains aqueous humor
53
posterior cavity
behind the lens, contains permanent vitreous humor
54
vitreous humor
in the posterior cavity behind the lens; is thicker, jelly vicious - helps eye maintain circular shape
55
eye wall layers
fibrous tunic (sclera/cornea), vascular tunic (vessels), and retina (innermost layer with photoreceptors)
56
glaucoma
produce more new fluid than we absorb, increasing pressure in the intra eye cavity due to too much fluid
57
fibrous tunic
composed of the cornea & sclera
58
cornea
transparent anterior covering of the eye
59
sclera
white of the eye
60
vascular tunic
```
3 regions (posterior to anterior):
choroid, ciliary body, iris
```
61
choroid
contains vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina (vascular tunic)
62
ciliary body
attaches to lens and changes lens shape; extension of choroid (vascular tunic)
63
iris
pigmented part of the anterior eye; defines the pupil (vascular tunic)
64
pupil
controls amount of light entering the eye
65
circular sphincter pupillae
adjacent to the pupil; when contracted, pupil size decreases (constricts)
66
radial dilator pupillae
when contracted, pupil size increases (dilates)
67
retina
internal layer of the eye
68
neural layer
in the retina, housing photoreceptors and associated neurons
- receives light; converts energy into nerve impulses (transduction)
- includes photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells
69
photoreceptor cells
outermost layer composed of rods & cones
70
rods
important photoreceptors in dim light
- 120 million/retina
- more numerous in the periphery
- night vision
- low acuity
- vision in shades of grey
71
cones
important photoreceptors for precise vision and color
- 6 million/retina
- concentrated in the fovea
- day vision
- high acuity
- color vision
72
bipolar cells
synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells
73
ganglion cells
innermost layer of the retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve (CN 2)
74
visual acuity
the ability to distinguish fine detail
75
optic disc
a "blind spot" on the retina lacking photoreceptors; located where ganglion cell axons exit retina to form optic nerve & blood vessels enter and exit the retina
76
foreva centralis
a depression in the retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods
- area of sharpest vision
- located within the macula lutea
77
macula lutea
where the fovea centralists is located; lateral to optic disc
78
sensory ligaments
attach to the outer capsule of the lens
79
accommodation
ability of the lens to change shape to focus an image
80
retinal photoreceptors
convert light to neural signals
81
optic chiasm
axons from retina cross to the other side at _________ _________
82
optic tracts
extend laterally, posteriorly from chiasm
83
optic radiation
extends from the thalamus to the occipital lobe
84
visual pathway
cornea --> anterior cavity --> pupil --> lens --> posterior cavity --> photoreceptors --> optic nerve (CN 2) --> optic chiasm --> optic tracts --> occipital lobe
85
20/20
vision is normal
86
20/<20 (EX. 20/15, 20/10)
vision is better than normal
87
20/>20 (EX. 20/40, 20/50)
vision is worse than normal
88
myopia (nearsightedness)
can't see far objects; eyeball is too long
| treatment: lens thinner in the middle and thicker in the outer boarders
89
hyperopia (farsightedness)
can't see near objects; eyeball is too short
| treatment: lens that are wider in the middle and thinner on the outside
90
presbyopia
type of increase in hyperopia that occurs with age
91
astigmatism
irregularity at the surface of the cornea or the lens, light scatters
treatment: treat by specific irregularity
92
conjunctivitis
pink eye; inflammation of the conjunctiva
93
cataracts
lens that have become cloudy, usually age related (more common in the elderly)
treatment: new lens, old lens shattered
94
diabetic retinopathy
small, unstable blood vessels develop around the retina & blood vessel ruptures leakage of blood; development of blind spots due to those hemorrhages
95
strabismus
misalignment of the eye
| treatment: patch the strong eye so weak eye muscles can get stronger
96
external ear
contains the auricle/pinna, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum)
97
auricle/pinna
where sound waves are collected
98
external acoustic meatus
the external opening of the ear channel; where cerumen is produced
99
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
what vibrates and amplifies the sound waves
100
cerumen
a waxlike secreted produced by glands deep within the external auditory meatus
101
auditory pathway
auricle/pinna --> eternal acoustic meatus --> tympanic membrane --> malleus, incus, & stapes --> cochlea --> cochlear nerve --> temporal lobe
102
middle ear
auditory tube, auditory ossicles
103
auditory tube
connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx; equalizes the pressure in the middle ear
104
auditory ossicles
small bones that transmit sound waves to inner ear (males, incus, & stapes)
105
inner ear
within petrous portion of temporal bone; helps us maintain balance and equilibrium
106
equilibrium structures
function of utricle, saccule, & semicircular canals (inner ear)
107
hearing structure
function of cochlea (inner ear)
108
equilibrium
refers to awareness of head position
109
vestibular apparatus
consists of sensory receptors in the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts
110
static equilibrium
head position when head is stationary; detected by utricle and saccule
when the head moves or tilts, otoliths push on gelatin layer, bending hair cells
111
linear acceleration
detected by utricle and saccule
112
angular acceleartion
rotational movements detected by the semicircular ducts
113
maculae
within the utricle and saccule; contains hair cells
114
hair cells
mechanoreceptors in the inner ear
115
vestibular nerve
when hair cells bend, electrical activity is sent to the brain via the _________ _________
116
otoliths
portions of the hair cells of maculae embedded in a gelatinous mass which contains _________: add mass to the membrane to help exaggerate movements
117
otolithic membrane
otoliths in the gelatinous mass and portions of the hair cells together form the _________ _________
118
rotational movement
receptors within the semicircular ducts detect _________ _________ of the head
119
ampulla
within each of the three semicircular canals is an expanded region called the _________
120
crista ampullaris
elevated region at base of ampulla covered by an epithelium of hair cells
121
cupula
an overlying gelatinous dome the hair cells are embed into
122
endolymph
when the head rotates, _________ pushes against cupola and bends stereocilia. this changes hair cell transmitter release and the activity of the sensory neurons
123
cochlea
the inner ear organ of hearing
124
cochlear duct
within the cochlea & filled with endolymph
125
basilar membrane
at the base of the cochlear duct
126
scala vestibuli
a chamber filled with perilymph above the cochlea duct
127
scala tympani
a chamber filled with perilymph below the cochlear duct
128
organ of Corti
of the cochlea containing hair cells, which have mass extensions projecting into an overlying gelatinous mass called the tectorial membrane
129
tectorial membrane
an overlying gelatinous mass that the extensions hair cells of the organ of Corti project into
130
pathway of sound waves (in inner ear)
oval window --> perilymph of Scala vestibule --> endolymph of cochlear duct --> organ of Corti (on basilar membrane) --> sound vibrations stimulate the receptor hair cells
131
cochlear branch
sensory impulses are triggered on fibers of _________ _________ of vestibulocochlear nerve
132
auditory cortex
(temporal lobe) interprets sensory impulses
133
frequencies
receptor cells have different sensitivities to different _________
134
pitch discrimination
sound waves of various frequencies stimulate different parts of basilar membrane
135
amplitude
loudness (intensity) depends on _________ of vibration
136
tympanic
louder sound sources cause _________ membrane to vibrate more in and out; doesn't change frequency
137
deflection
greater tympanic membrane _________ results in greater membrane movement & greater bending of hair cells in responsive region
138
tinnitis
ringing in the ear
139
conductive hearing loss
fluid collects in the middle ear
| treatment: insert tube in outer ear for child to transfer out fluid
140
otitis
inflammation of the ear, ear infection
141
externa otitis
infection in the outer ear caused by water (swimmers ear)
142
media otitis
infection in the middle ear
143
interna otitis
infection in the inner ear, most severe
