Ch. 21: Blood

Question 1

42-45% of whole blood

Answer 1

erythrocytes

Question 2

<1% of whole blood

Answer 2

buffy coat

Question 3

55% of whole blood

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

whole blood

Answer 4

centrifugation reveals 3 components: erythrocytes (42-45%), Buffy coat (<1%), plasma (55%)

Question 5

hematocrit

Answer 5

(portion of red blood cells) percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood
clinically: percentage volume of erythrocytes only

Question 6

age, sex

Answer 6

hematocrit varies with _________ (children more variable) and _________ (males slightly higher on average)

Question 7

plasma

Answer 7

• mostly water (~92%)
• proteins
• electrolytes
• respiratory gasses
• waste
• other solutes

Question 8

formed elements

Answer 8

consist of:

• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platelets

Question 9

hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis)

Answer 9

production of formed elements, production of new blood cells (continually occurring in red marrow)

Question 10

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Answer 10

transport respiratory gases, vast majority (99%) of formed elements

• biconcave discs; 4.5-6.2 million/mm^3
• -> more numerous in males than in females
• found only in blood vessels
• rouleau

Question 11

120

Answer 11

erythrocytes have a ____ day life cycle; old RBCs are phagocytize in the liver & spleen

Question 12

rouleau

Answer 12

erythrocytes are lined up single file as they pass through small blood vessels - formation of red blood cells that pass through vessel

Question 13

hemoglobin

Answer 13

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; every erythrocyte contains ~280 million molecules of this

Question 14

oxygenated

Answer 14

when hemoglobin is maximally loaded with oxygen

Question 15

deoxygenated

Answer 15

when hemoglobin loses some oxygen and gains some carbon dioxide

Question 16

anemia

Answer 16

below-normal oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
characterized by low hematocrit
causes: dietary deficiencies (lacking iron), pernicious anemia, blood loss, bone marrow failure, hemolytic anemia

Question 17

pernicious anemia

Answer 17

body doesn’t make enough blood cells due to lack of B12

Question 18

hemolytic anemia

Answer 18

RBC’s are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce them

Question 19

polycythemia

Answer 19

high number of RBC’s

• in athletes
• at high altitude
• cancer
• bone marrow

Question 20

sickle cell disease

Answer 20

red blood cells are sickle shaped, cells can get caught on one another and cause blockages and prevent blood flow to tissues

Question 21

leukocytes (WBCs)

Answer 21

possess a nucleus and organelles and are larger than erythrocytes

• found in blood vessels, lymph, and tissue fluid
• 5000-11,000/mm3 of blood
• initiate immune responses and defend the body against pathogens

Question 22

granulocytes

Answer 22

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 23

agranulocytes

Answer 23

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 24

neutrophils

Answer 24

first to appear at an infection –> phagocytize bacteria (consume bacteria) (most common type)

Question 25

eosinophils

Answer 25

protect against infections by parasitic worms; increase in number during allergic reactions

Question 26

basophils

Answer 26

release histamines in damaged tissue --> vascular dilation; release heparin (anticoagulation)

Question 27

lymphocytes

Answer 27

20-40% of WBCs; T & B types

Question 28

T lymphocytes

Answer 28

kill infected cells or cancer cells

Question 29

B lymphocytes

Answer 29

produce antibodies against specific antigens (foreign proteins) (trigger an immune response) and deactify toxins

Question 30

monocytes

Answer 30

2-8% of WBCS; very mobile and phagocytosis (bacteria, viruses, virus-infected cells)

Question 31

leukemia

Answer 31

cancer that causes overproduction of abnormal WBCS - WBCs accumulate in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver --> organs lose their ability to function - treatment: chemotherapy &/or craniospinal irradiation

Question 32

chemotherapy

Answer 32

destroys abnormal cells and restores normal blood cell production

Question 33

craniospinal irradiation

Answer 33

prevents leukemic cells from moving into the CNS

Question 34

chemotherapy

Answer 34

destroys abnormal cells and restores normal blood cell production

Question 35

craniospinal irradiation

Answer 35

prevents leukemic cells from moving into the CNS

Question 36

platelets

Answer 36

small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cell fragments; involved in blood clotting - prevents blood loss; sometimes clots can break free & cause disorders

Question 37

thrombus

Answer 37

a blood clot; negatively affects flow of blood

Question 38

blood clotting disorders

Answer 38

if a thrombus is dislodged, it can travel through the blood to organs such as the heart, brain, or lungs and can cause heart attacks, strokes, or pulmonary embolisms