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Human Anatomy 1100 > Ch. 21: Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 21: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

42-45% of whole blood

A

erythrocytes

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2
Q

<1% of whole blood

A

buffy coat

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3
Q

55% of whole blood

A

plasma

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4
Q

whole blood

A

centrifugation reveals 3 components: erythrocytes (42-45%), Buffy coat (<1%), plasma (55%)

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5
Q

hematocrit

A

(portion of red blood cells) percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood
clinically: percentage volume of erythrocytes only

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6
Q

age, sex

A

hematocrit varies with _________ (children more variable) and _________ (males slightly higher on average)

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7
Q

plasma

A
  • mostly water (~92%)
  • proteins
  • electrolytes
  • respiratory gasses
  • waste
  • other solutes
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8
Q

formed elements

A

consist of:

  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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9
Q

hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis)

A

production of formed elements, production of new blood cells (continually occurring in red marrow)

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10
Q

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

transport respiratory gases, vast majority (99%) of formed elements

  • biconcave discs; 4.5-6.2 million/mm^3
  • -> more numerous in males than in females
  • found only in blood vessels
  • rouleau
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11
Q

120

A

erythrocytes have a ____ day life cycle; old RBCs are phagocytize in the liver & spleen

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12
Q

rouleau

A

erythrocytes are lined up single file as they pass through small blood vessels - formation of red blood cells that pass through vessel

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13
Q

hemoglobin

A

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; every erythrocyte contains ~280 million molecules of this

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14
Q

oxygenated

A

when hemoglobin is maximally loaded with oxygen

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15
Q

deoxygenated

A

when hemoglobin loses some oxygen and gains some carbon dioxide

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16
Q

anemia

A

below-normal oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
characterized by low hematocrit
causes: dietary deficiencies (lacking iron), pernicious anemia, blood loss, bone marrow failure, hemolytic anemia

17
Q

pernicious anemia

A

body doesn’t make enough blood cells due to lack of B12

18
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

RBC’s are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce them

19
Q

polycythemia

A

high number of RBC’s

  • in athletes
  • at high altitude
  • cancer
  • bone marrow
20
Q

sickle cell disease

A

red blood cells are sickle shaped, cells can get caught on one another and cause blockages and prevent blood flow to tissues

21
Q

leukocytes (WBCs)

A

possess a nucleus and organelles and are larger than erythrocytes

  • found in blood vessels, lymph, and tissue fluid
  • 5000-11,000/mm3 of blood
  • initiate immune responses and defend the body against pathogens
22
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

23
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

24
Q

neutrophils

A

first to appear at an infection –> phagocytize bacteria (consume bacteria) (most common type)

25
Q

eosinophils

A

protect against infections by parasitic worms; increase in number during allergic reactions

26
Q

basophils

A

release histamines in damaged tissue –> vascular dilation; release heparin (anticoagulation)

27
Q

lymphocytes

A

20-40% of WBCs; T & B types

28
Q

T lymphocytes

A

kill infected cells or cancer cells

29
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies against specific antigens (foreign proteins) (trigger an immune response) and deactify toxins

30
Q

monocytes

A

2-8% of WBCS; very mobile and phagocytosis (bacteria, viruses, virus-infected cells)

31
Q

leukemia

A

cancer that causes overproduction of abnormal WBCS

  • WBCs accumulate in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver –> organs lose their ability to function
  • treatment: chemotherapy &/or craniospinal irradiation
32
Q

chemotherapy

A

destroys abnormal cells and restores normal blood cell production

33
Q

craniospinal irradiation

A

prevents leukemic cells from moving into the CNS

34
Q

chemotherapy

A

destroys abnormal cells and restores normal blood cell production

35
Q

craniospinal irradiation

A

prevents leukemic cells from moving into the CNS

36
Q

platelets

A

small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cell fragments; involved in blood clotting - prevents blood loss; sometimes clots can break free & cause disorders

37
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot; negatively affects flow of blood

38
Q

blood clotting disorders

A

if a thrombus is dislodged, it can travel through the blood to organs such as the heart, brain, or lungs and can cause heart attacks, strokes, or pulmonary embolisms

Human Anatomy 1100 (5 decks)

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