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Human Anatomy 1100 > Ch. 20: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 20: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, communicate via hormones

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2
Q

hormone

A

a _________ can only affect target cells or organs that have receptors for that specific __(answer)___; cells that do not possess receptors for a specific __(answer)__ do not respond to that __(answer)___

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3
Q

feedback loop

A

a self-adjusting mechanism that regulates hormone secretion

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4
Q

negative feedback

A

type of feedback loop in which if levels of a section hormone get too high/low the brain will turn secretion down/up

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5
Q

positive feedback

A

type of feedback loop in which if the brain senses high level of a hormone it will keep secreting the hormone
examples: childbirth (more oxytocin), puberty

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

the major control center of the endocrine system; regulates the pituitary gland

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7
Q

regulatory hormones

A

the hypothalamus secretes _________ _________ that control the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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8
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones, produces oxytocin & ADH, controls the stimulation of the adrenal gland medulla; controlled by the hypothalamus

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9
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary is also called the _________

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10
Q

infundibulum

A

(pituitary stock) - how the pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus

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11
Q

sella turcica

A

the pituitary gland/hypophysis is housed in the _________ _________ of the sphenoid bone & is divided into anterior and posterior lobes

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12
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior pituitary gland; secretes many hormones & is highly vascular (surrounded by capillaries)

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13
Q

tropic hormones

A

act on other endocrine structures & regulate their secretions; secreted by anterior pituitary hormones

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14
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

growth hormone (GH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), endorphins

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15
Q

GH (growth hormone)

A

promotes growth of body tissues

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16
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

acts on the ovaries and testes & stimulates gamete production; also stimulates production of estrogen

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17
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

acts on the ovaries and testis; secretion of estrogen and testosterone

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18
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

acts on thyroid, secretion of thyroid gland hormones

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19
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

regulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids

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20
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

milk production in mammals, secretion during pregnancy

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21
Q

endorphins

A

bodies natural pain killers, block pain receptors

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22
Q

morphine

A

synthetic endorphin (man made)

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23
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of growth hormone during child growth

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24
Q

gigantism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood

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25
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood; facial bones, mandible, hands & feet tend to be largery

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26
Q

hypersecretion

A

too much secretion of a hormone

27
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin & oxytocin

28
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)

A

decreases fluid loss through urination

29
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth (positive feedback loop)

30
Q

pineal gland

A

small, cone-shaped body in posterior epithalamus; secretes melatonin

31
Q

melatonin

A

links liked conditions with behaviors (ex: when its dark our body wants to rest); secreted by pineal gland

32
Q

thyroid gland

A

butterfly-shaped with right and left lobes connected by a midline isthmus; secretes calcitonin and thyroxine

33
Q

isthmus

A

connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland

34
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers blood-calcium levels if they get too high via stimulating osteoblasts to make new bone and store Ca2+ or via exertion of Ca2+ through urine

35
Q

thyroxine

A

regulates digestion, smooth muscle activity and brain development - contributes to metabolism

36
Q

hypothyroidism

A

too little secretion of thyroid gland
causes: primary failure of thyroid gland & inadequate supply of iodine (iodized salt)
symptoms: low BMR, weight-gain, lethagry
diseases/disorders: goiter & cretinism

37
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid caused by hypothyroidism

38
Q

cretinism

A

hyposecretion of thyroid gland during first few months of life
symptoms: slowed growth, mental retardation
identification & treatment with thyroxine shortly after birth helps restore physical and mental development

39
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

most common cause is Graves’ disease

  • autoimmune disease
  • hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
    symptoms: agitation, nervousness, bulging eyes, goiter, weight loss
    treatment: surgical removal of a portion of the over-secreting thyroid, orbital decompression
40
Q

parathyroid glands

A

small glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland, usually 4 per person, back of throat; secrets PTH

41
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

raises blood-calcium levels if they get too low

42
Q

antagonistic

A

PTH & calcitonin and insulin & glucagon are _________ hormones: opposite effects, but work together to maintain homeostasis

43
Q

thymus

A

located just superior to the heart and just deep to the sternum; larger in infants and children than in adults; secretes thymosins

44
Q

thymosins

A

development of mature T cells (immune function), secreted by the thymus

45
Q

adrenal glands

A

paired, sit on superior boarders of the kidneys; each has an outer adrenal cortex & an inner adrenal medulla, with each region secreting different hormones

46
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer region; has 3 layers, each producing different corticosteroid hormones

47
Q

corticosteroid hormones

A

(superficial to deep): mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & gonadocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex

48
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

(aldosterone) most superficial layer in adrenal cortex; helps maintain mineral balance

49
Q

glucocorticoids

A

(cortisol) middle layer in adrenal cortex; reduces inflammation

50
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

(androgens) deepest layer in adrenal cortex; in both males & females, females main source of testosterone

51
Q

adrenal medulla

A

the adrenal gland’s inner core, secretes norepinephrine & epinephrine

52
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

part of the flight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system, secreted by the adrenal medulla

53
Q

pancreas

A

located between the duodenum & spleen, posterior to the stomach; has both exocrine and endocrine functions, secretes insulin and glucagon

54
Q

insulin

A

secreted by the pancreas to lower blood-sugar levels

55
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by the pancreas to raise blood-glucose levels

56
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

most common of all endocrine disorders, two major typs

57
Q

type I diabetes

A

characterized by lack of insulin secretion
early onset
treatment: blood-sugar level monitoring and regular insulin injections

58
Q

type II diabetes

A

characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulin’s target cells
late onset
treatment: blood-sugar level monitoring, diet, exercise, medication

59
Q

gonads

A

the _________ produce sex hormones and germ cells (oocytes, spermatozoa)

60
Q

ovaries

A

stimulates estrogen & progesterone

61
Q

estrogen

A

promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics

62
Q

progesterone

A

helps maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy

63
Q

testes

A

secretes androgens (such as testosterone)

64
Q

androgens (such as testosterone)

A

promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics (hair, lower voice)

Human Anatomy 1100 (5 decks)

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