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Human Anatomy 1100 > Ch. 20: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 20: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, communicate via hormones

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2
Q

hormone

A

a _________ can only affect target cells or organs that have receptors for that specific __(answer)___; cells that do not possess receptors for a specific __(answer)__ do not respond to that __(answer)___

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3
Q

feedback loop

A

a self-adjusting mechanism that regulates hormone secretion

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4
Q

negative feedback

A

type of feedback loop in which if levels of a section hormone get too high/low the brain will turn secretion down/up

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5
Q

positive feedback

A

type of feedback loop in which if the brain senses high level of a hormone it will keep secreting the hormone
examples: childbirth (more oxytocin), puberty

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

the major control center of the endocrine system; regulates the pituitary gland

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7
Q

regulatory hormones

A

the hypothalamus secretes _________ _________ that control the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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8
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones, produces oxytocin & ADH, controls the stimulation of the adrenal gland medulla; controlled by the hypothalamus

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9
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary is also called the _________

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10
Q

infundibulum

A

(pituitary stock) - how the pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus

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11
Q

sella turcica

A

the pituitary gland/hypophysis is housed in the _________ _________ of the sphenoid bone & is divided into anterior and posterior lobes

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12
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior pituitary gland; secretes many hormones & is highly vascular (surrounded by capillaries)

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13
Q

tropic hormones

A

act on other endocrine structures & regulate their secretions; secreted by anterior pituitary hormones

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14
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

growth hormone (GH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), endorphins

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15
Q

GH (growth hormone)

A

promotes growth of body tissues

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16
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

acts on the ovaries and testes & stimulates gamete production; also stimulates production of estrogen

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17
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

acts on the ovaries and testis; secretion of estrogen and testosterone

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18
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

acts on thyroid, secretion of thyroid gland hormones

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19
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

regulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids

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20
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

milk production in mammals, secretion during pregnancy

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21
Q

endorphins

A

bodies natural pain killers, block pain receptors

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22
Q

morphine

A

synthetic endorphin (man made)

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23
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of growth hormone during child growth

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24
Q

gigantism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood

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25
acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood; facial bones, mandible, hands & feet tend to be largery
26
hypersecretion
too much secretion of a hormone
27
posterior pituitary hormones
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin & oxytocin
28
ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
decreases fluid loss through urination
29
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth (positive feedback loop)
30
pineal gland
small, cone-shaped body in posterior epithalamus; secretes melatonin
31
melatonin
links liked conditions with behaviors (ex: when its dark our body wants to rest); secreted by pineal gland
32
thyroid gland
butterfly-shaped with right and left lobes connected by a midline isthmus; secretes calcitonin and thyroxine
33
isthmus
connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland
34
calcitonin
lowers blood-calcium levels if they get too high via stimulating osteoblasts to make new bone and store Ca2+ or via exertion of Ca2+ through urine
35
thyroxine
regulates digestion, smooth muscle activity and brain development - contributes to metabolism
36
hypothyroidism
too little secretion of thyroid gland causes: primary failure of thyroid gland & inadequate supply of iodine (iodized salt) symptoms: low BMR, weight-gain, lethagry diseases/disorders: goiter & cretinism
37
goiter
enlarged thyroid caused by hypothyroidism
38
cretinism
hyposecretion of thyroid gland during first few months of life symptoms: slowed growth, mental retardation identification & treatment with thyroxine shortly after birth helps restore physical and mental development
39
hyperthyroidism
most common cause is Graves' disease - autoimmune disease - hypersecretion of thyroid hormones symptoms: agitation, nervousness, bulging eyes, goiter, weight loss treatment: surgical removal of a portion of the over-secreting thyroid, orbital decompression
40
parathyroid glands
small glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland, usually 4 per person, back of throat; secrets PTH
41
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
raises blood-calcium levels if they get too low
42
antagonistic
PTH & calcitonin and insulin & glucagon are _________ hormones: opposite effects, but work together to maintain homeostasis
43
thymus
located just superior to the heart and just deep to the sternum; larger in infants and children than in adults; secretes thymosins
44
thymosins
development of mature T cells (immune function), secreted by the thymus
45
adrenal glands
paired, sit on superior boarders of the kidneys; each has an outer adrenal cortex & an inner adrenal medulla, with each region secreting different hormones
46
adrenal cortex
outer region; has 3 layers, each producing different corticosteroid hormones
47
corticosteroid hormones
(superficial to deep): mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & gonadocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex
48
mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone) most superficial layer in adrenal cortex; helps maintain mineral balance
49
glucocorticoids
(cortisol) middle layer in adrenal cortex; reduces inflammation
50
gonadocorticoids
(androgens) deepest layer in adrenal cortex; in both males & females, females main source of testosterone
51
adrenal medulla
the adrenal gland's inner core, secretes norepinephrine & epinephrine
52
norepinephrine and epinephrine
part of the flight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system, secreted by the adrenal medulla
53
pancreas
located between the duodenum & spleen, posterior to the stomach; has both exocrine and endocrine functions, secretes insulin and glucagon
54
insulin
secreted by the pancreas to lower blood-sugar levels
55
glucagon
secreted by the pancreas to raise blood-glucose levels
56
diabetes mellitus
most common of all endocrine disorders, two major typs
57
type I diabetes
characterized by lack of insulin secretion early onset treatment: blood-sugar level monitoring and regular insulin injections
58
type II diabetes
characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulin's target cells late onset treatment: blood-sugar level monitoring, diet, exercise, medication
59
gonads
the _________ produce sex hormones and germ cells (oocytes, spermatozoa)
60
ovaries
stimulates estrogen & progesterone
61
estrogen
promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics
62
progesterone
helps maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy
63
testes
secretes androgens (such as testosterone)
64
androgens (such as testosterone)
promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics (hair, lower voice)

Human Anatomy 1100 (5 decks)

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