CH. 22 Flashcards
Utilitarianism
the idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the “greatest good for the greatest number”
germ theory
The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled.
labor artistocracy
The highly skilled workers, such as factory foremen and construction bosses, who made up about 15% of the working classes from about 1850-1914.
sweated industries
Poorly paid handicraft production, often carried out by married women paid by the prince and working at home.
companionate marriage
Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values that became increasingly dominant in the 2nd half of the 19th century.
separate spheres
The 19th century gendered division of labor and lifestyle that cast men as breadwinners and women as homemakers.
suffrage movements
A militant movement for women’s right to vote led by middle-class British women around 1900.
thermodynamics
A branch of physics built on Newton’s laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy.
second industrial revolution
The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the 19th century.
evolution
The idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment.
social darwinism
A body of thought drawn from the ideas of Charles Darwin that applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest.
realism
A literacy movement that, in contrast to romanticism, stressed the depiction of life as it actually was.
