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Path II > ch 21 > Flashcards

ch 21 Flashcards

0
Q

what cell in the PNS is responsible for myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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1
Q

what are the 3 parts to the motor unit of the neuron

A
  1. peripheral axon
  2. neuromuscular junction
  3. innervated myocytes
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2
Q

what is an Axonal neuropathy

A

this is caused by direct injury to an axon

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3
Q

what is the effect of an axonal neuropathhy

A

it will cause degeneration of the peripheral segment of the neuron

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4
Q

what is wallerian degeneration

A

this is a second degree myelin loss due to axonal neuropathy

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5
Q

what is demyelinating neuropathy

A

this is schwann cells or myelin cells damage this will cause random internod demyelination

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6
Q

what will happen to the nerve velocity if you have demyelinating neuropathy

A

this will slow the speed of how fast the signal is able to travel

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7
Q

what is mononeurpathy

A

this is an isolated neural damage due to some kind of entrapment like carpal tunnel syndrome

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8
Q

what is polyneuropathy

A

this is from a systemic axonal loss. this will cause a stocking-and-glove pattern, that is a loss of felling in the extremities

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9
Q

what is polyneuritis multiplex

A

this is just random demylinating

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10
Q

what are the 2 classic examples of polyneuritis multiplex

A

RA

wrist drop

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11
Q

what are the major symptoms of gulilain-barre syndrome(GBS)

A

this has ascending paralysis
autoimmune
demyrelination due to macrophages

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12
Q

who is most likely to get Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

males are 15-35 or 50-57

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13
Q

what is chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)

A

this is thought to be the chronic version of Guillain-Barré syndrome
will most likely have relapse and progressive

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14
Q

what is the #1 cause of peripheral neuropathy

A

Diabetic peripheral neuopathy

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15
Q

what does diabetic peripheral neuropathy cause

A

it damages both the axon and myelin injury

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16
Q

what is the standard test for diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

it is the monofilament test

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17
Q

what are some of the environmental toxins that will cause peripheral nerve injury

A

ADRs, lead, methyl-mercury

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18
Q

what is charcot-marie-tooth disease

A

this is an inherited peripheral nerve injury

this will cause pes cavus

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19
Q

what causes myathenia gravis

A

autoantibodies degrade the post-synaptic ACH receptors

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20
Q

what is the major symptom of myasthenia gravis

A

extra-ocular weakness (dropping eye)

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21
Q

who is most commonly effected by myasthenia gravis

A

females in the 3rd decade of life

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22
Q

what is the test that is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

A

tensilon test

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23
Q

what will cause myasthenia gravis to get worse

A

worsens as day progresses or

worse with e-stimulation

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24
what is the cause of lambert-eaton syndrome
autoantibodies inhibit pre-synaptic Ca+ channels
25
what is the most effect areas of the body with lambert-eaton syndrome (LES)
weakness in the limb girdles
26
what will help improve Lambert-Eaton syndrome
repetitive e-stimulation
27
who is most likely to get Lambert-Eaton syndrome
females in there 60s | also people with small cell lung cancer
28
what is congenital myasthenic syndromes
mutations alter neuromuscular junction proteins both per and post synaptic channels
29
are slow twitch muscles type I or type II
type I
30
are fast twitch muscles type I or type II
type II
31
what does neuropathic changes in muscles do
makes the motor units larger and fewer ( so they are bigger and also can change the type of muscle (Type I to II)
32
what does disuse atrophy do to muscles
this will cause atrophy to the muscle from lack of use mostly type II
33
what does glucocorticoid atrophy do to muscle
cause atrophy by preventing protein synthesis and speed up protein break down primarily type II
34
what is congenital myopathy
it is inherited diseases | present at birth and does not get worse
35
does muscular dystrophy get worse the longer you live
yes
36
what is duchenne muscular dystrophy
it is the complete absence of dystrophin
37
what is Becker muscular dystrophy
it is not having enough dysrophin
38
when is the onset for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
in childhood around the age of 5
39
what is the outcome for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
it is lethal by early adulthood
40
what is the onset for Becker muscular dystrophy
delayed onset (adolescence)
41
what is the outcome for Becker muscular dystrophy
possible normal life span
42
what are the features of Dushenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
pronounced pelvic girdle weakness | pseudohypertrophy of the calf muscle (big calfs)
43
what will you find out in a lab test with DMD and BMD
increase in creatine kinase because of muscle breakdown
44
what does DMD and BMD do to the cardiorespiratory system
it decreases it causing it to have insufficiency
45
what is gower sign
it is the walking up of the hand to the legs and thigh because of pelvic weakness
46
who is most likely to get polymyositis
males ages 45-60
47
what is effected by dermatomyositis
both muscle and skin
48
who is the most likely to get dermatomyositis
it is the most common myopathy in children
49
who is the most likely to inclusion body myositis
the elderly 60+ because it is a age related muscle disorder
50
what will cause ethanol myopathy
binge drinking
51
what is most common to cause drug myopathy
statin drugs
52
who is most likely to get tumors in the PNS
adults
53
are PNS tumors most likely benign or malignant
benign
54
what is most likely to be effected by a schannoma
mc involves CN VIII (vestibular schwannoma)
55
what is a schwannomatosis
it involves the schwannoma but does not involve CN VII
56
what is a neurofibroma
it just a benign nerve sheath tumor | localized cutaneous, plexiform, or diffuse
57
what is neurofobromatosis type 2
it is bilateral vestibular scwannomas | no cutaneous lesions
58
what is the most common problem with neurofibromatosis type 2
vision and hearing problems
59
what does neurofibromatosis type 1 cause
very pronounced neurofibromas | causing vascular stenosis
60
look at the last page of ch 21 just in case he asks a questions
but i dont think he will because these are very unlikely

Path II (4 decks)

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