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Path II > ch 21 > Flashcards

ch 21 Flashcards

0
Q

what cell in the PNS is responsible for myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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1
Q

what are the 3 parts to the motor unit of the neuron

A
  1. peripheral axon
  2. neuromuscular junction
  3. innervated myocytes
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2
Q

what is an Axonal neuropathy

A

this is caused by direct injury to an axon

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3
Q

what is the effect of an axonal neuropathhy

A

it will cause degeneration of the peripheral segment of the neuron

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4
Q

what is wallerian degeneration

A

this is a second degree myelin loss due to axonal neuropathy

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5
Q

what is demyelinating neuropathy

A

this is schwann cells or myelin cells damage this will cause random internod demyelination

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6
Q

what will happen to the nerve velocity if you have demyelinating neuropathy

A

this will slow the speed of how fast the signal is able to travel

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7
Q

what is mononeurpathy

A

this is an isolated neural damage due to some kind of entrapment like carpal tunnel syndrome

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8
Q

what is polyneuropathy

A

this is from a systemic axonal loss. this will cause a stocking-and-glove pattern, that is a loss of felling in the extremities

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9
Q

what is polyneuritis multiplex

A

this is just random demylinating

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10
Q

what are the 2 classic examples of polyneuritis multiplex

A

RA

wrist drop

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11
Q

what are the major symptoms of gulilain-barre syndrome(GBS)

A

this has ascending paralysis
autoimmune
demyrelination due to macrophages

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12
Q

who is most likely to get Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

males are 15-35 or 50-57

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13
Q

what is chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)

A

this is thought to be the chronic version of Guillain-Barré syndrome
will most likely have relapse and progressive

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14
Q

what is the #1 cause of peripheral neuropathy

A

Diabetic peripheral neuopathy

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15
Q

what does diabetic peripheral neuropathy cause

A

it damages both the axon and myelin injury

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16
Q

what is the standard test for diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

it is the monofilament test

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17
Q

what are some of the environmental toxins that will cause peripheral nerve injury

A

ADRs, lead, methyl-mercury

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18
Q

what is charcot-marie-tooth disease

A

this is an inherited peripheral nerve injury

this will cause pes cavus

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19
Q

what causes myathenia gravis

A

autoantibodies degrade the post-synaptic ACH receptors

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20
Q

what is the major symptom of myasthenia gravis

A

extra-ocular weakness (dropping eye)

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21
Q

who is most commonly effected by myasthenia gravis

A

females in the 3rd decade of life

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22
Q

what is the test that is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

A

tensilon test

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23
Q

what will cause myasthenia gravis to get worse

A

worsens as day progresses or

worse with e-stimulation

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24
Q

what is the cause of lambert-eaton syndrome

A

autoantibodies inhibit pre-synaptic Ca+ channels

25
Q

what is the most effect areas of the body with lambert-eaton syndrome (LES)

A

weakness in the limb girdles

26
Q

what will help improve Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A

repetitive e-stimulation

27
Q

who is most likely to get Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A

females in there 60s

also people with small cell lung cancer

28
Q

what is congenital myasthenic syndromes

A

mutations alter neuromuscular junction proteins both per and post synaptic channels

29
Q

are slow twitch muscles type I or type II

A

type I

30
Q

are fast twitch muscles type I or type II

A

type II

31
Q

what does neuropathic changes in muscles do

A

makes the motor units larger and fewer ( so they are bigger and also can change the type of muscle (Type I to II)

32
Q

what does disuse atrophy do to muscles

A

this will cause atrophy to the muscle from lack of use mostly type II

33
Q

what does glucocorticoid atrophy do to muscle

A

cause atrophy by preventing protein synthesis and speed up protein break down
primarily type II

34
Q

what is congenital myopathy

A

it is inherited diseases

present at birth and does not get worse

35
Q

does muscular dystrophy get worse the longer you live

A

yes

36
Q

what is duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

it is the complete absence of dystrophin

37
Q

what is Becker muscular dystrophy

A

it is not having enough dysrophin

38
Q

when is the onset for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

in childhood around the age of 5

39
Q

what is the outcome for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

it is lethal by early adulthood

40
Q

what is the onset for Becker muscular dystrophy

A

delayed onset (adolescence)

41
Q

what is the outcome for Becker muscular dystrophy

A

possible normal life span

42
Q

what are the features of Dushenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

A

pronounced pelvic girdle weakness

pseudohypertrophy of the calf muscle (big calfs)

43
Q

what will you find out in a lab test with DMD and BMD

A

increase in creatine kinase because of muscle breakdown

44
Q

what does DMD and BMD do to the cardiorespiratory system

A

it decreases it causing it to have insufficiency

45
Q

what is gower sign

A

it is the walking up of the hand to the legs and thigh because of pelvic weakness

46
Q

who is most likely to get polymyositis

A

males ages 45-60

47
Q

what is effected by dermatomyositis

A

both muscle and skin

48
Q

who is the most likely to get dermatomyositis

A

it is the most common myopathy in children

49
Q

who is the most likely to inclusion body myositis

A

the elderly 60+ because it is a age related muscle disorder

50
Q

what will cause ethanol myopathy

A

binge drinking

51
Q

what is most common to cause drug myopathy

A

statin drugs

52
Q

who is most likely to get tumors in the PNS

A

adults

53
Q

are PNS tumors most likely benign or malignant

A

benign

54
Q

what is most likely to be effected by a schannoma

A

mc involves CN VIII (vestibular schwannoma)

55
Q

what is a schwannomatosis

A

it involves the schwannoma but does not involve CN VII

56
Q

what is a neurofibroma

A

it just a benign nerve sheath tumor

localized cutaneous, plexiform, or diffuse

57
Q

what is neurofobromatosis type 2

A

it is bilateral vestibular scwannomas

no cutaneous lesions

58
Q

what is the most common problem with neurofibromatosis type 2

A

vision and hearing problems

59
Q

what does neurofibromatosis type 1 cause

A

very pronounced neurofibromas

causing vascular stenosis

60
Q

look at the last page of ch 21 just in case he asks a questions

A

but i dont think he will because these are very unlikely

Path II (4 decks)

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