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[DMS 125] Sonographic Physics and Instrumentation > Ch. 2: Sound > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Sound Flashcards

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1
Q

All waves carry ____ from one location to another

A

All waves carry energy from one location to another

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2
Q

Sound is a ____ wave in which particles in the medium wave move

A

Sound is a mechanical wave in which particles in the medium wave move

Mechanically strikes other particles (Physically touching)

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3
Q

The molecules in the medium ____ back and forth from a ____ position

A

The molecules in the medium vibrate back and forth from a fixed position

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4
Q

Sound cannot travel through a ____; it must travel through a ____, where molecules are alternately ____ (squeezed together) and ____ (stretched apart)

A

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum; it must travel through a medium, where molecules are alternately compressed (squeezed together) and rarefied (stretched apart)

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles

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5
Q

Sound travels in a ____ line

A

Sound travels in a straight line

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6
Q

Are sound waves are transverse or longitudinal waves?

A

Sound waves are longitudinal waves

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7
Q

Characteristics of sound:
- (1) ____ wave— Carry ____
- (2) ____ wave
- (3) Needs a ____ because it cannot travel through a ____
- (4) ____ and ____
- (5) Travels in a ____ line and are ____ waves

A

Characteristics of sound:
- (1) Energy wave— Carry energy
- (2) Mechanical wave
- (3) Needs a medium because it cannot travel through a vacuum
- (4) Compression and rarefaction
- (5) Travels in a straight line and are longitudinal waves

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8
Q

Acoustic propagation properties

A

The effect of the medium upon the sound wave

  • [Acoustic— Sound]
  • [Propagation— To move]
  • When the sound is going inside the body, what is happening to the sound
  • What is the effect of media on the sound
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9
Q

Biological effects

A
  • The effects of the sound wave on the biologic tissue that it passes
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10
Q

Acoustic variables are used to

A

distinguish between sound waves and other types of waves

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11
Q

Three acoustic variables used to distinguish between sound waves and other types of waves:

A
  • (1) Pressure
  • (2) Density
  • (3) Distance

  • If one of these acoustic variables has a rhythmic oscillation, then the wave is a sound wave
  • If something other than pressure, density, or distance (particle motion) rhythmically oscillates in a wave, then the wave is not a sound wave
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12
Q

Pressure and density ____ during compression, and ____ during rarefaction

A

Pressure and density increase during compression, and decrease during rarefaction

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13
Q

Sound waves are also known as ____ ____

A

Sound waves are also known as acoustic waves

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14
Q

What is the unit of the acoustic variable: Pressure

A

pascals (Pa)

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15
Q

What is the unit of the acoustic variable: Density

A

kg/cm³

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16
Q

What is the unit of the acoustic variable: Distance

A

cm, mm, ft

17
Q

What is pressure?

A

Concentration of force in an area

18
Q

Pressure formula

A

P = F / A; Pressure = Force/Area

19
Q

What is density?

A

Concentration of mass in a volume

20
Q

Density formula

A

ρ = m/V; Density= Mass/Volume

21
Q

What is distance?

A

Measure of particle motion

22
Q

After a wave is identified as a sound wave, it is important to describe the wave’s features, Acoustic Parameters are used to

A

accurately describe the characteristics of a sound wave

23
Q

List the seven acoustic parameters

A
  • Period
  • Frequency
  • Amplitude
  • Power
  • Intensity
  • Wavelength
  • Propagation speed
24
Q

What are the types of waves?

A
  • Transverse waves
  • Longitudinal waves
25
Q

In a transverse wave, particles move in a direction that is ____ (at right angles) to the direction that the wave propagates

A

In a transverse wave, particles move in a direction that is perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction that the wave propagates

Particles moves up and down

26
Q

Propagation means:

A

To move

27
Q

Acoustic means:

A

Sound

28
Q

In a longitudinal wave, particles move in the ____ direction that the wave propagates

A

In a longitudinal wave, particles move in the same direction that the wave propagates

  • Sound is a longitudinal wave
  • Sound moves from side to side
29
Q

A pair of waves are considered ____ when their peaks (maximum values) occur at the same ____ and the same location

A

A pair of waves are considered in-phase when their peaks (maximum values) occur at the same time and the same location

  • Similarly, the troughs of the waves (minimum values) occur at the same time and place
  • In-phase waves are “in step”, just like the members of a synchronized marching band
30
Q

When two waves are ____, their peaks occur at different times, and so do their troughs: they are “ ____ “

A

When two waves are out-of-phase, their peaks occur at different times, and so do their troughs: they are “out of step”

31
Q

When waves lose their individual characteristics and combine to form a single wave, this combination is called ____

A

When waves lose their individual characteristics and combine to form a single wave, this combination is called interference

  • More than one sound beam may travel in a medium and, on occasion, multiple beams may arrive at an identical location at exactly the same time
  • Both in-phase and out-of-phase wave pairs undergo interference; however, they combine differently
32
Q

Interference of waves may be described in two ways, depending on the phase relationship of the pair of waves:

A
  • (1) Constructive interference
  • (2) Destructive interference

Interference of Waves with Difference Frequencies

  • An interesting phenomenon occurs when waves of different frequencies interfere
  • At some moment in time, the waves are in-phase and the interference is constructive, while at other moments, the waves are out-of-phase and the interference is destructive
  • Therefore, when the frequencies of the waves differ, both constructive and destructive interference occur
33
Q

Constructive interference

A

The interference of a pair of in-phase waves results in the formation of a single wave of greater amplitude than either of its components

34
Q

Destructive interference

A

The interference of a pair of out-of-phase waves results in the formation of a single wave of lesser amplitude then at least one of its components

35
Q

When out-of-phase waves are of equal amplitude, ____ ____ ____ may occur

A

When out-of-phase waves are of equal amplitude, complete destructive interference may occur

[DMS 125] Sonographic Physics and Instrumentation (5 decks)

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