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Neuroscience > Ch. 2: Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

On a neuron:

What is the cell body called?

A

Soma

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2
Q

On a neuron:

What is the “reciving” antenna called?

A

Dendrite

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3
Q

On a neuron:

Where are new action potentials generated?

A

Axon Hilock

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4
Q

On a neuron:

What is the “transmitting antenna?”

A

Axon

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5
Q

On a neuron:

Where do parts of two neourns come together?

A

Synapse

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6
Q

On a neuron:

What is the end of an axon called when it connects with the next neuron?

A

Presynaptic Terminal

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7
Q

On a neuron:

What is the space called where chemical signaling occurs?

A

Synaptic Cleft

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8
Q

On a neuron:

What is the dendrite called that recieves chemical signals?

A

Postsynaptic membrane

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9
Q

What are the 4 general functions of nerve cells?

A
  1. Reception: receive signals
  2. Integration: gather many inputs and boil down to a majority opinion.
  3. Transmission: Transmit new signals electrically and chemically to other cells
  4. Transfer: transfer messages to other neurons across the synapse
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10
Q

What is the name of this neuron?

A

Bipolar

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11
Q

What is the name of this neuron?

A

Pseudo-Unipolar

(sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system)

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12
Q

What is the name of this neuron?

A

Multipolar

(motor)

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13
Q

Transmission of info ALONG one neuron is _______

A

electrical

(within)

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14
Q

Transmission of info BETWEEN neurons _______

A

Chemical and electrical

(between)

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15
Q

What is a Nongated channel?

A
  • structural gate that it always open
  • Always leaking ions depending on relative concentrations or charge gradient
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16
Q

What is a Modality-Gated channel:

A
  • Touch or temperature
  • Primary modalities that cause them to open
  • @ distal end of sensory neurons
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17
Q

What is a Ligand-Gated channel?

A
  • “Protein”
  • Ligands that open these channels are neurotransmitters
  • On dendrites & bodies of nerve cells
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18
Q

What is a Voltage-Gated channel?

A
  • Responds to charge in membrane voltage
  • When -70mV changes it allows these gates to open
  • @ axon hilock of multipolar celss (most often) & near distal end of puedo-unipolar cells
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19
Q

What must exsit across cell membranes to create an “excitable” cell?

A

Potential Difference

(difference in charge)

20
Q

What factors maintain “resting potential” across a membrane?

A
  • Na+/K+ (3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in)
  • Large negative molecules trapped in soma
  • Passive diffusion through non-gated channels
21
Q

What is Depolarization?

A

Cell becomes:

  • Less negative
  • More excited
  • More likely to create action potential
22
Q

What is Hyperpolarization?

A

Cell becomes

  • More negative
  • More Inhibited
  • Less likely to create an action potential
23
Q

What characterizes a local (change in) potential?

A
  • Modality and Ligand-Gated channels
  • “Receptor” and “Synaptic”
  • Small changes in polarity
  • Graded (can sum)
  • Larger stimulus or more transmitter equals bigger change in polarity
  • Depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
  • “Passive” propagation
  • Travel short distances
  • “Do I want to send a message or not?”
24
Q

What characterizes an action potential?

A
  • Voltage-Gated channels
  • “Action”
  • Large changes in polarity
  • All or none (can’t sum)
  • Larger stimulus or more transmitter equals more frequent action potentials
  • Depolarizing
  • “Passive” and “Active” propagation
  • Travel long distances
  • Message is sent
25
Q

What is a Receptor (change in) potential?

A

Generated by modality-gated channels at distal end of sensory neurons

26
Q

What is a Synaptic (change in) potnetials?

A

Generated by ligand-gated channels on post-synaptic membrane

27
Q

What is a Temporal Summation?

A
  • Repetitive opening of a channel
    • Open gate over and over, ions will spill, change in potential gets bigger
28
Q

What is a Spatial Summation

A
29
Q

What is the sequence from local potential to action potential?

A
  1. Local potential (receptor or synaptic) reaches area with large #’s of voltage-gated channels
    1. trigger zone - receptor potentials
    2. Axon hillock - synaptic potentials
  2. “Threshold” depolarization -> open voltage-gated channels
  3. Action potential -> full depolarization - repolarization
  4. Refractory period (temporary hyperpolarization)
  5. Propagation
30
Q

What is passive propagation?

A

spilling of ions

31
Q

What is active propogation?

A

regeneration

opening of new voltage gated channel downt he membrane

(How action potentials travel)

32
Q

What prevents an action potential from moving backwards?

A

Refractory period

33
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Action potential jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next (space between Schwann Cells)

34
Q

What is the diameter and myelination needed for fast conduction?

A

Large diameter

Heavily myelinated

35
Q

What is the diameter and myelination needed for slow conduction?

A

Small diameter

Less myelinated

36
Q

What is divergence?

A

One axon slplits into many terminal branches

37
Q

What is convergence?

A

axons from many cells come together

(Heart of integration)

38
Q

What is the function of Glia cells?

A
  • Support cells of NS (pitt crew)
  • Structure
  • Transmission (Assist with)
  • Pathogenesis (Possible role)
39
Q

What are the 3 kinds of macroglia (big support cells)?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Schwann Cells
40
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes?

A
  • Direct role in cell signaling
    • calcium waves
    • release glutamate
    • inc/dec communication between neurons
  • Scavenger - restor AP
  • Connect neurons & capillaries (part of blood brain barrier)
  • Scaffold - Pathway for migrating neurons
41
Q

What are the functions of Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Protective insulation of the CNS
  • Insulates several neurons
42
Q

What are the functions of Schwann Cells?

A
  • Myelin of PNS
    • one neuron → wrapped coverings (“myelinated”)
    • many neurons → simple covering (“unmyelinated”)
  • Phagocytic function in injury: eat cell debris (vacuum cleaner of PNS)
43
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A
  • Eat cell debris when there is damage in CNS
    • eats aging neurons
  • abnormal activation → may contribute to brain disease
44
Q

What is Guillain-Barré?

A
  • Auto-immune attack on Schwann cells (peripheral myelin)
    • weakness and sensory loss
    • typically myelin regenerates - EXCELLENT recovery
45
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • Auto-immune attack of oligodendrocytes
    • signs/symptoms: depneds on location of demyelination
      • pattern is random
    • Can get better and worse
      • inflammation squeezese neurons - fall to sleep - inflammation goes down - function comes back.
    • typically remyelination does not occur
46
Q

What is the most common tumor of the CNS?

What is its most commong location in the brain?

A

Astrocytoma

Frontal lobe

(Sx: headache, speech and motor loss, trouble planning, goal setting, organizing)

47
Q

What are three attributes for primitive neural stem cells?

A
  1. Self-renew
  2. Differentiate - can change
  3. Populate

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