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Neuroscience > Ch. 1: Intro to Neuroscience > Flashcards

Ch. 1: Intro to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Rostral

A

Toward th top of nervous system (nose)

Top of neural tube bends so this can be different than superior

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2
Q

Define:

Caudal

A

Bottom of neural tube

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3
Q

What plane is shown?

A

Horizontal section

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4
Q

What plane is shown?

A

Coronal

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5
Q

What plane is shown?

A

Midsagittal

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6
Q

Which are the support cells of the nervous system?

A. White matter

B. Grey matter

A

White matter

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7
Q

Which is associated with long processes (axons or “wires”)?

A. White matter

B. Grey matter

A

White matter

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8
Q

Which is insulated?

A. White matter

B. Grey matter

A

White matter

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9
Q

What are other names for white matter?

A
  • Tract
  • Lemniscus
  • Fasiculus
  • Column
  • Peduncle
  • Capsule
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10
Q

Which one is neural tissue?

A. White matter

B. Grey matter

A

Grey matter

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11
Q

Which is made up of cell bodies (soma)?

A. White matter

B. Grey matter

A

Grey matter

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12
Q

Where are white and grey matter located in the brain?

A
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13
Q

What is a Ganglion?

A

Cluster of cell bodies (grey matter) in peripheral nervous system → outside brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What is a Nucleus?

A

Cluster of cell bodies (grey matter) in central nervous system → inside brain or spinal cord

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15
Q

Where are signals created in the brain?

How are they transported?

A

Created in cell bodies (grey matter)

Transported through axons (white matter)

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16
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, what do the afferent axons do?

A

Sensory function

Carry infro toward middle of body and up

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17
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, what do the efferent axons do?

A

Motor function and action

Carry information down and out

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18
Q

How many spinal segments are there?

How are the grouped?

A

31 total

8 - cervical

12 - thoracic

5 - lumbar

5 - sacral

1 - coccygeal

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19
Q

Define:

Ventral Root

A

Motor in function

Efferent in nature

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20
Q

Define:

Dorsal Root (and dorsal root ganglion)

A

Sensory in function

Afferent in nature

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21
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

Where 2 roots (ventral and dorsal) join together

Has both sensory & motor neurons

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22
Q

The spinal nerve breaks into what 3 parts?

A
  • Dorsal ramus
  • Ventral ramus
  • Rami communicantes
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23
Q

The dorsal ramus goes to the _______

A

Back

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24
Q

The ventral ramus goes to the _______

A

front

(arms and legs)

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25
Q

What is the Rami Communicantes?

A

Autonomic piece

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26
Q

What are spinal columns?

A

Places in spinal cord where wires are bundled together

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27
Q

What are the names of the 3 spinal columns

and where are the located?

A
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28
Q

What are the 2 functions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Conduct Information: transmit info up/down quickly (white matter)
  2. Process Information: bring info together (grey matter)
    • happens where there are connections
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29
Q

When does the spinal cord become the brainstem?

A

SUPERIOR to the Foramen Magnum

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30
Q

What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the Medulla?

A
  • IX - Glossopharyngeal
    • swallowing, salivation and taste
  • X - Vagus
    • regulates viscera, swallowing, speech and taste
  • XI - Spinal Accessory
    • elevates shoulders, turns head
  • XII - Hypoglossal
    • moves tounge
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31
Q

What is the Pyramid

and where is it located?

A

Two bumps on either side of midline of FRONT of medulla

Contains all motor axons from brain to body

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32
Q

What is the “Decussation” of the Pyramids

and where is it located?

A

Crossing over at the most caudal part of the pyramids

Where all motor axons cross

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33
Q

What are the 2 major structures of the Medulla?

A
  1. Pyramids
  2. Decussation of the pyramids
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34
Q

What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the Pons?

A

Only one in Pons:

  • V - Trigeminal
    • facial sensation, chewing, sensation from temporomandibular joint

Exist at border of Pons and Medulla:

  • VI - Abducens
    • abducts pupil of eye
  • VII - Facial
    • facial expression, closes eyes, tears, salivation, and taste
  • VIII - Vestibulocochlear
    • sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement; hearing
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35
Q

What is the prominate structure of the Pons?

What does it do

A

Bulge

  • Anterior surface of Pons
  • Cerebellar connections
    • motor nerves from brain -> pons -> cerebellum
    • Asks, “Does movement match the plan?”
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36
Q

What 3 components make up the Brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain - most rostral
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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37
Q

What 2 cranial nerves are associated with the Midbrain?

A
  • III - Occulomotor
    • moves pupil of the eye up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil
  • IV - Trochlear
    • moves pupil of the eye medially and down
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38
Q

What are the 2 prominant structures of the Midbrain?

A
  1. Cerebral peduncles
  2. Tectum
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39
Q

What are the Cerebral Peduncles

and where are they located?

A

Bundles of white matter containing motor wiring → continues through pons and into medulla as the “pyramids”

Anterior surface of midbrain

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40
Q

What is the Tectum

and where is it located?

A
  • Has 4 bumps called colliculi
    • Superior Colliculi (top 2)
      • wires and connections - visual pathways
    • Inferior Colliculi (bottom 2)
      • wires and connections - hearing
  • The roof or backside of the midbrain (sensory)
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41
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordination and voluntary movements

Compares reality to plan for movement

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42
Q

What do the divided parts of the cerebellum control?

A
  • R & L Hemispheres: control extremities
  • Midline (Vermis): controls core
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43
Q

What is the Diencephalon or Thalamus

and where is it located?

A

collection of nuclei (cell bodies) - process sensation

Base of brain

44
Q

What is the Basil Ganglia

and where is it located?

A

Cluster of cell bodies INSIDE brain (breaks the rule)

Involved with motor function and motor planning

Anterior to Thalamus

45
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Shallow depression in brain surface

46
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Very deep sulcus/rut in brain surface

47
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Mound or bulge out of brain surface

48
Q

What is a lobe?

A

geographical area of brain with common function

49
Q

Where is the Frontal Lobe

and what does it do?

A

Motor and executive function

Goal setting, planning, dreaming for future while awake

50
Q

Where is the Parietal Lobe

and what does it do?

A

Sensory function

51
Q

Where is the Temporal Lobe

and what does it do?

A

Auditory function (behind ears)

52
Q

Where is the Occipital Lobe

and what does it do?

A

Processing vision

53
Q

Where is the Limbic Lobe

and what does it do?

A

Emotion

54
Q

Where is the Insular Lobe located?

A

Piece of surface/cortex folded in on side and is insulated

55
Q

What is the deep depression that separates the right and left hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal Fissure

56
Q

What is the purpose of a Sulci?

A

Distinguish lobes from each other

57
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

lateral aspect of brain:

separates frontal and parietal lobe

separates motor from sensory

58
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

lateral aspect of brain:

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

59
Q

What is the parietoocipital sulcus?

A

medial aspect of brain:

separates parietal from occipital

separates body sensation from vision

60
Q

What is the cingulate sulcus?

A

medial aspect of brain:

separates limbic lobe from everythong else

61
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

Mound in front of central sulcus

Conscious motor function

62
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

Mound behind central sulcus

conscious sensation from body

63
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

broad bundle of wires - floor of longitudinal fissure

connects R & L hemisphere

64
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

bundle of white matter - connects all sensory & motor function from one side of brain to the other side face and body

65
Q

What does the cerebral fluid system do?

A
  • mechanically cushions brain and spinal cord
  • regulates extracellular milieu and protects the CNS (chemically and mechanically)
66
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus

and where is it located?

A

Thin walled, leaky capillary: strains formed elements and releases plasma into ventricle

Situated in R & L ventricle

67
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

Fluid filled space

68
Q

What is the flow of CSF through the ventricles?

A

Ventricle (R or L) → Foramina of Monro → Third Ventricle → Cerebral Aqueduct → Fourth Ventricle → Leak out 3 foramina at bottom [Foramina of Luscha (2) and Foramen of Magendie (1)]

69
Q

What structures are anterior and posterior to the

Cerebral Aqueduct?

A

Anterior: Midbrain

Posterior: Tectum

70
Q

What structures are anterior and posterior to the

Fourth Ventricle?

A

Anterior: Pons

Posterior: Cerebellum

71
Q

Is CSF found within the spinal cord?

A

Not under normal circumstances. It is AROUND the spinal cord, but not in it.

72
Q

What are the 3 layers of Meninges covering the brain and spinal cord?

A
  1. Dura Mater (Superficial)
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater (Deep)
73
Q

What is the function of the

Dura Mater?

A

Tough outter menigial layer

Prevents shifting of skull

74
Q

What are the two layers of Dura Mater?

A
  • Outer Layer: always applied to the skull
  • Inner Layer: can break off and divide into brain creating pockets
75
Q

What is the Falx Cerebri?

Functions?

A
  • Inner layer of dura mater diving into longitudinal fissure
  • Prevents hemispheres from hitting against eachother
76
Q

What is the Tentorium Cerebelli?

Functions?

A
  • Inner layer of dura mater diving occipital and cerebellum
  • Cushions occipital lobe and cerebellum
77
Q

What is the space created when outer and inner layer of dura mater separate?

A

Dural Sinus

Void or space filled with used up CSF (aka gutters)

78
Q

What is the function and location of the

Arachnoid Mater?

A
  • Spider web like middle layer. Closely applied to dura mater and trails web down to brain
  • Forms Subarachnoid Space: contains outside water balloon
79
Q

What is an Arachnoid Villi?

A

Single, finger like projection pokes through dura mater and into sinus

80
Q

What is an Arachnoid Granulation?

A
  • The cluster of grapes on the end of an Arachnoid Villi
  • Lets CSF leak into sinus on its way back to the heart
81
Q

What is the function and location of the

Pia Mater?

A
  • Sits on brain itself. Adheres to tissue on brain.
  • Follows gyri and sulci (contours of the brains)
82
Q

What is the pattern of CSF circulation from the heart to the brain and back to the heart?

A

Heart → vertebral arteries → brain space → within brain choroid plexus strains blood → enters 2 lat ventricles → flows down Foramen Monro → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → 3 foramena/holes → flows int subarachnoid space around outside of brain and spinal cord → pools in sinuses → drain through jugular veins back to heart

83
Q

True or False:

Peripheral nerves are highly vascularized. Individual Axons are highly dependent on adequate blood supply

A

True

84
Q

What 3 arteries supply blood to the spinal cord?

Where are they located?

A
  • 1 Anterior Spinal Artery: at anterior midline
  • 2 Posterior Spinal Arteries:

*Anterior and posterior arteries are connected by a ring of arteries

85
Q

What vascular supply comprises the Posterior Circulation or Vertebrobasilar System?

A

Vascular supply to the

  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Minority of cerebral hemisphere
86
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A
  • Ascend spinal column through wings of vertebrae
  • Pierce meninges at Foramen Magnum
  • Enter skull
87
Q

What arteries branch off the vertebral arteries?

What do they supply?

A
  • Directly supply Medulla
  • Anterior Spinal Artery
  • Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
    • covers back and bottom of cerebellum
  • Posterior Spinal Arteries
88
Q

The right & left vertebral arteries join to form what artery?

A

Basilar Artery

89
Q

What arteries branch off the Basilar Artery?

What do they supply?

A
  • Anterior Inferior Cereballar Artery
    • Front bottom of cerebellum
  • Superior Cerebellar Artery
    • Top of cerebellum
90
Q

What is the main function of the Basilar Artery?

A

Blood supply to the Pons

91
Q

Where are the Posterior Cerebral Arteries?

What do they supply?

A
  • Basilar continues up and splits into these arteries
    • Feed bottom and Occipital Lobe of Cerebrum
    • As it splits a few branches feed Midbrain
92
Q

What vascular supply comprises the Anterior Circulation?

(Vascular supply to majority of cerebral hemisphere)

A
  • Internal Carotid Arteries
    • 2 on each side
  • Cerebral Arteries
    • cortical vs deep branches
93
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A
  • Right & Left Hemisphere
  • Base of Brain
  • Connects with Posterior Circulation

*Comes up in front of basilar artery

94
Q

What do the Internal Carotid Arteries branch into?

A

The Cerebral Arteries

  • Anterior Cerebral Artery
  • Middle Cerebral Artery
95
Q

The Anterior Cerebral Artery run?

A
  • Runs in Longitudinal Fissure
    • One for each hemisphere
  • Covers medial surface of brain, comes out on top of Longitudinal Fissure and is visibal on top surface of Cerebrum
96
Q

What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?

A

Medial surface of brain (frontal, parietal and limbic lobe - NOT occipital)

97
Q

Lack of blood to what artery causes lack of coordination?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

(Feeds Cerebellum)

98
Q

Where does the Middle Cerebral Artery Run?

A
  • Through the Lateral Sulcus
  • Runs to lateral aspect of cerebrum
99
Q

What does the Middle Cerebral Artery Supply?

A
  • Supplies blood to outside of head
    • Lateral aspect of: frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
100
Q

What is the purpose of the Circle of Willis?

A

Connects the artery suppies side to side and front to back

101
Q

What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

A
  • Anterior Cerebral Arteries (2)
  • Anterior Communicating Artery (1)
  • Internal Carotid Arteries (2)
  • Posterior Communicating Arteries (2)
  • Posterior Cerebral Arteries (2)
102
Q

What are the arteries to the deep structures and ventricles?

A
  • Anterior Choroidal A.
    • Bottom of Basil Ganglia
  • Posterior Choroidal A.
    • Bottom and back of Thalamus

*Choroidal = means deep structures and ventricles

103
Q

What arteries go to the deep structues only?

A
  • Medial and Lateral Striate Arteries
    • Deep structures and internal capsule

*Striate = Deep Structures (Basil Ganglia)

104
Q

What arteries do the deep arteries branch from?

A
  • Middle Cerbral Artery branches into:
    • Anterior Choroidal A.
    • Medial Striate A.
    • Lateral Striate A.
  • Posterior Cerebral Artery branches into:
    • Posterior Choroidal Artery
105
Q

What is a Dural Sinus?

A
  • Created when inner and outer layers of Dura Mater separate creating a space
  • Holds used up CSF blood (and CSF) getting dumped back into heart.
106
Q

What are the 3 major Dural Sinuses?

A
  • Superior (Mid)Sagittal Sinus
  • Inferior Sagittal Sinus
  • Transvere Sinus
107
Q

How does used up CSF and blood move from Dural Sinus back to the heart?

A

Dumps from Superior and Inferior Sagittal Sinus into Transverse Sinus

Then, down Internal Jugular Vein

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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