Ch. 10 b Flashcards
Paresis
Partial paralysis or weakness
Paralysis
Complete lack of strength, inability to move
Atrophy
Shrinking muscle tissue, lack of contraction
- Disuse: Mild to moderate
- Denervation (neurogenic): Disconnected from its nerve supply
Involuntary Muscle Contractions
Heavy work, dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
Muscle Spasms
Temporary, involuntary contraction of muscle
(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)
Muscle cramps
Spasm that lasts longer
(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)
Fasciculations
Involuntary contraction of whole motor unit (ex: eye twitch)
(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)
Myoclonus
Ex: almost asleep and jerk awake
(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)
Tremor
- Involuntary oscillation/movement of limb or body part
- Rest: present at rest, gone w/movement
- Intension: present during movement, not at rest
(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)
Fibrillations
Undetectable depolarization of one single muscle fiber
(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)
Hypotonia (flaccidity)
- Damage to LMN’s
- NO tone what so ever
- Feel like jello, soft and squishy
(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)
Spastic Hypertonia
- Too much tone
- Velocity dependent
(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)
Rigid Hypertonia
- Too much tone
- NOT velocity dependent - always there
(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)
Cerebral Shock
Neurons in head don’t function (ex: after stroke) for short period of time
(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)
Spinal Shock
Neurons around spinal cord - don’t work for short period of time
(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)
What are the signs & symptoms of LMN disorders?
- Loss of reflexes - dimished stretch reflex
- Atrophy of degeneration - complete atrophy
- Disorders of muscle tone (hypotonia/flaccidity)
- Paralysis (“flaccid” paralysis)
- Fibrillations
Examples: Peripheral nerve injury, post-polio syndrome, ALS
What are the signs & symptoms of UMN disorders?
- Paresis/paralysis (“spastic” paralysis) - local stretch reflexs grows (hypertonisity)
- Loss of fractionation of movement - damage to lat corticospical
-
Abnormal reflexes
- Abnormal cutaneous reflexes
- Muscle stretch hyperflexia/Spacticity
- Hypertonia
- Disorders of muscle contractions
- Muscle Hyperstiffness
What is an abnormal cutaneous reflex?
Ex: Babinski
Normal - stroke bottom of foot, big toe goes down
Abnormal - stroke bottom of foot, big toe goes up
What is Spastic Hypertonia?
What disorder can cause this?
- Same as spacticity/hyperreflexia
- Ex: Spinal cord injury
What are the two types of Hyperreflexia/Spacticity?
- Clonus: repeating hyperreflexia or repeating
- Clasp-knife response: muscle stretched quickly tightens fast, then relaxes
What is Rigid Hypertonia?
What disorder can cause this?
- NOT velocity dependent
- Result of extra AP’s coming down from damaged brain.
- LMN constantly rigid
- Ex: Parkinson’s Disease
Decerebrate Rigidity
limbs and trunk extended
Upper limbs IR & feet plantar flexed
(arm point down like cerebellum below cortex)
Decorticate Rigidity
lower limbs extended and feet plantarflexed
Upper limbs flexed
(arms point up toward cerebral cortex)
What is Muscle Overactivity?
What disorder can cause this?
- Activity dependent
- Helper’s acting w/o direction
- Ex: Stroke
Disorders of muscle contraction:
Delayed Initiation
Muscles don’t turn on fast enough
Disorders of muscle contraction:
Slow force production
Muscles don’t develop as muscle force as they need as quick as they need
Disorders of muscle contraction:
Prolonged contraction time
Damaged brain doesn’t let muscles relax in time
Disorders of muscle contraction:
Disordered coordination of agonists and antagonists
Abnormally strong co-contraction
Disorders of muscle contraction:
Decreased fractionation
Damage to lateral corticospinal system
(biggest director/controller of fractionation)
Disorders of muscle contraction:
Abnormal (“stereotyped”) muscle synergies
What are the 4 types of Muscle Hyperstiffness?
-
Myoplastic Hyperstiffness
- mechanical stiffness - NOT due to inc tone
- contractures, atrophy of fast twitch fibers
-
Spasticity (Muscle stretch hyperreflexia)
- UMN’s damaged = reflex loop stronger
-
Rigidity
- NON-velocity dependent hypertonia
-
Muscle Overactivity
- ex: helpers get the message, directors can control
