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Neuroscience > Ch. 10 b > Flashcards

Ch. 10 b Flashcards

1
Q

Paresis

A

Partial paralysis or weakness

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2
Q

Paralysis

A

Complete lack of strength, inability to move

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3
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinking muscle tissue, lack of contraction

  • Disuse: Mild to moderate
  • Denervation (neurogenic): Disconnected from its nerve supply
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4
Q

Involuntary Muscle Contractions

A

Heavy work, dehydration or electrolyte imbalances

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5
Q

Muscle Spasms

A

Temporary, involuntary contraction of muscle

(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)

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6
Q

Muscle cramps

A

Spasm that lasts longer

(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)

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7
Q

Fasciculations

A

Involuntary contraction of whole motor unit (ex: eye twitch)

(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)

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8
Q

Myoclonus

A

Ex: almost asleep and jerk awake

(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)

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9
Q

Tremor

A
  • Involuntary oscillation/movement of limb or body part
    • Rest: present at rest, gone w/movement
    • Intension: present during movement, not at rest

(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)

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10
Q

Fibrillations

A

Undetectable depolarization of one single muscle fiber

(Type of Involuntary Muscle Contraction)

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11
Q

Hypotonia (flaccidity)

A
  • Damage to LMN’s
    • NO tone what so ever
    • Feel like jello, soft and squishy

(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)

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12
Q

Spastic Hypertonia

A
  • Too much tone
  • Velocity dependent

(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)

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13
Q

Rigid Hypertonia

A
  • Too much tone
  • NOT velocity dependent - always there

(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)

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14
Q

Cerebral Shock

A

Neurons in head don’t function (ex: after stroke) for short period of time

(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)

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15
Q

Spinal Shock

A

Neurons around spinal cord - don’t work for short period of time

(Type of Abnormal Muscle Tone)

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16
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of LMN disorders?

A
  • Loss of reflexes - dimished stretch reflex
  • Atrophy of degeneration - complete atrophy
  • Disorders of muscle tone (hypotonia/flaccidity)
  • Paralysis (“flaccid” paralysis)
  • Fibrillations

Examples: Peripheral nerve injury, post-polio syndrome, ALS

17
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of UMN disorders?

A
  • Paresis/paralysis (“spastic” paralysis) - local stretch reflexs grows (hypertonisity)
  • Loss of fractionation of movement - damage to lat corticospical
  • Abnormal reflexes
    • Abnormal cutaneous reflexes
    • Muscle stretch hyperflexia/Spacticity
  • Hypertonia
  • Disorders of muscle contractions
  • Muscle Hyperstiffness
18
Q

What is an abnormal cutaneous reflex?

A

Ex: Babinski

Normal - stroke bottom of foot, big toe goes down

Abnormal - stroke bottom of foot, big toe goes up

19
Q

What is Spastic Hypertonia?

What disorder can cause this?

A
  • Same as spacticity/hyperreflexia
  • Ex: Spinal cord injury
20
Q

What are the two types of Hyperreflexia/Spacticity?

A
  1. Clonus: repeating hyperreflexia or repeating
  2. Clasp-knife response: muscle stretched quickly tightens fast, then relaxes
21
Q

What is Rigid Hypertonia?

What disorder can cause this?

A
  • NOT velocity dependent
  • Result of extra AP’s coming down from damaged brain.
    • LMN constantly rigid
  • Ex: Parkinson’s Disease
22
Q

Decerebrate Rigidity

A

limbs and trunk extended

Upper limbs IR & feet plantar flexed

(arm point down like cerebellum below cortex)

23
Q

Decorticate Rigidity

A

lower limbs extended and feet plantarflexed

Upper limbs flexed

(arms point up toward cerebral cortex)

24
Q

What is Muscle Overactivity?

What disorder can cause this?

A
  • Activity dependent
  • Helper’s acting w/o direction
  • Ex: Stroke
25
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction:

Delayed Initiation

A

Muscles don’t turn on fast enough

26
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction:

Slow force production

A

Muscles don’t develop as muscle force as they need as quick as they need

27
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction:

Prolonged contraction time

A

Damaged brain doesn’t let muscles relax in time

28
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction:

Disordered coordination of agonists and antagonists

A

Abnormally strong co-contraction

29
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction:

Decreased fractionation

A

Damage to lateral corticospinal system

(biggest director/controller of fractionation)

30
Q

Disorders of muscle contraction:

Abnormal (“stereotyped”) muscle synergies

A
31
Q

What are the 4 types of Muscle Hyperstiffness?

A
  • Myoplastic Hyperstiffness
    • ​mechanical stiffness - NOT due to inc tone
    • contractures, atrophy of fast twitch fibers
  • Spasticity (Muscle stretch hyperreflexia)
    • ​UMN’s damaged = reflex loop stronger
  • Rigidity
    • ​NON-velocity dependent hypertonia
  • Muscle Overactivity
    • ​ex: helpers get the message, directors can control

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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