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CBIS > Ch 2: Neuroanatomy & Neuroimaging > Flashcards

Ch 2: Neuroanatomy & Neuroimaging Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of SCI have a co-occurring TBI?

A

60%

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2
Q

What three areas of the brain make up the brainstem?

A

Medulla, Pons, midbrain

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3
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

Info going in and out of the brain

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4
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A

Centers for senses of hearing, touch, taste, and balance

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5
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

A system (Collection of nerve cell fibers and nuclei) that modulates or changes arousal, alertness, concentration, and basic biological rhythms

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6
Q

Medulla

A
  • First area in the lower part of the brain stem
  • vital to life and death

contains reflex centers which control many involuntary functions such as breathing, HR, swallowing, BP, vomiting and sneezing.

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7
Q

Pons

A
  • above the medulla
  • essential for facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, and coordinating eye movements

Serves as a bridge of nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex (thinking part of the brain) to the cerebellum (movement part of the brain)

Disruption can cause a complete loss of ability to coordinate and control body movement

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8
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Smallest part of the brain stem
  • involved in elementary forms of seeing and hearing
  • plays pivotal role in alertness/arousal.
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9
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus and other structures
  • located cm’s above the midbrain
  • master relay center for forwarding g info, sensations, and movement
  • at times, considered part of the limbic system
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10
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Sits at the top of the brainstem, just below the cortex
  • acts as major relay station for incoming/outgoing sensory info. (Each sense relays it’s impulses through the thalamus, with the exception of smell)

Injury to thalamus= severe attention and concentration problems, difficulty with memory storage/retrieval, weakened mental stamina, decreased sensory info, difficulty in reacting to stress, difficulty with excessive or weak emotional responses, and disorders in eating, drinking, sleeping, and sexual functioning

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control center for hunger, thirst, sexual response, endocrine levels, and temp regulation

Involved in complex responses:

  • fight or flight
  • anger
  • fatigue
  • memory
  • calmness

Connected to pituitary gland- manages release of hormones

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12
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotions and basic feelings

Houses basic elemental drives, emotions, and survival instincts

The 2 basic structures associated with the it are the hippocampus and the amygdala

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13
Q

Hippocampus

A

Most commonly associated with memory functioning; facilitates the encoding and storage of info in a systematic manner that is associative

Susceptible to loss of oxygen

Sits in temporal lobe between ears

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14
Q

Amygdala

A

Closely tied with emotional memories and reactions

Fight or flight response to stimulus

Directly tied to olfactory fibers

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15
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Affects volitional motor nerves

Relay info from cerebral cortex to brainstem and cerebellum

Neurons in the BG respond when someone loses balance by sending a signal to the muscles to restore lost equilibrium

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates, modulates, and stores all body movement

Monitors impulses from motor and sensory centers ( brainstem, BG, sensorimotor cortex) to help control the direction, rate, force, and steadiness of a persons movements

Problems with coordination, FM movement, trajectory of movement, balance, proprioception

17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Dedicated to the highest levels of thinking, moving and acting

Projection fibers fan out from the brainstem and relay info to and from the cortex

The association fibers loop and link together different section of the same hemisphere and modulate the cerebral cortex

18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Made up of 2 parts:

  • Primary motor cortex
  • Prefrontal cortex

Deficits with executive functions

Sense of identity/self-awareness

Responsible for goal oriented behavior/motivation

19
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Before a final decision is made about a motor action, the PRC reviews the option, predicts likely outcomes, and decides best courses of action

Responsible for various emotional responses to circumstances

Working memory- difficulty with keeping mind focused and multitasking

Inability to learn from mistakes when injured

20
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary sensory cortex (somatosensory cortex) sits behind the primary motor cortex

1st part of the brain to consciously register physical sensations

Respond to sensory info such as touch, heat, cold, pain and are responsible for body awareness

21
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual center

22
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Center for language and hearing; memory

23
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in the lower portion of the motor cortex in the left frontal-temporal lobe

Controls muscles of the face and mouth that enable production of speech

24
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in the left temporal-parietal lobe

Governs a persons understanding of speech, as well as the ability to make sense of thoughts that are spoken

25
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

(Efferent) motor

A

Carries impulses from motor cortex to muscles and organs

26
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

(Efferent) motor

A

Sends impulses to control muscles and other organs

27
Q

Rubrospinal tract

(Efferent) motor

A

UE movement

28
Q

Tectospinal tract

(Efferent) motor

A

Aides in directing head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

29
Q

Central cord syndrome

A

Fall resulting in neck hyperextension in a pt with arthritis or spondylosis

Presents as weakness/numbness of UEs and often accompanied by bowel/bladder incontinence

30
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

One side of the spinal cord is injured, resulting in ipsilateral paralysis, loss of light touch on side of lesion, and loss of pain/temp on contralateral side

31
Q

Anterior cord syndrome

A

Common b/c the anterior 2/3 of the cord are controlled by 1 artery (aorta) and is more susceptible to injury

Loss of muscle control, pain and temp, but without loss of proprioception and touch.

32
Q

Posterior cord syndrome

A

Rare. Occurs primarily with intraoperative complications in spinal surgery.

Pt possesses strength but no proprioception below LOI

33
Q

Fascuculus cuneatus and faniculus

(Afferent) sensory

A

Transmit joint and muscle sensation to brain

34
Q

Lissauer’s tract

(Afferent) sensory

A

Pain and temp

35
Q

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tract

(Afferent) sensory

A

Sends proprioceptive input to cerebellum

36
Q

Spinothalamic tract

(Afferent) sensory

A

Lateral tract= mediates pain and temp

Ventral tract= transmits impulses of touch

37
Q

Spinoreticular tract

(Afferent) sensory

A

Responsible for reflex responses to pain; sends to thalamus

38
Q

Spinotectal tract

(Afferent) sensory

A

Possesses info from the eyes and other sensory organs

CBIS (25 decks)

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