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CBIS > Ch 1: Brain Injury Overview > Flashcards

Ch 1: Brain Injury Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is the annual cost to society when individual with brain injury do not receive proper care?

A

$76.5 billion

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2
Q

what are the three reason why individuals with brain injury are at risk for developing significant disability?

A
  1. awareness and understanding of brain injury remain fairly limited
  2. brain injury is frequently not identified
  3. treatment is not always readily available
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3
Q

what is an acquired brain injury?

A

Injury that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma.

The injury results in a change in neuronal activity, which affects the physical integrity, the metabolic activity, & or the functional ability of nerve cells in the brain.

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4
Q

define TBI

A

an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force.

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5
Q

what is a traumatic impact injury?

A

results in an open or closed injury from contact

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6
Q

what is a closed injury?

A

can cause brain lacerations, contusions, or intracerebral hemorrhage within the brain causing focal injuries. (coup-countercoup)

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7
Q

what is a diffuse axonal injury? (DAI)

A

closed injury that results from tearing or shearing of axons

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8
Q

what is an open injury?

A

breach of the skull or the meninges, often resulting in focal injuries (i.e.: epidural or subdural hematoma, or intracerebral hemorrhage)

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9
Q

what is a major complication of penetrating injuries?

A

secondary infection d/t skull or meningeal breach

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10
Q

what are traumatic inertial injuries?

A

non-impact injuries resulting from inertial force (acceleration deceleration forces)

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11
Q

what is a coup injury

A

where the brain hits the skull post linear acceleration

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12
Q

what is countercoup injury?

A

where the brain rebounds to (opposite side) after coup injury

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13
Q

what happen when rotational or angular forces apply to the injury?

A

DAI

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14
Q

NTBI

A

causes damage to the brain by internal factors, such as lack of O2 or nutrients to the nerve cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a tumor/blockage, or other neurological disorders

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15
Q

primary injury

A

what caused the injury and the physical result

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16
Q

secondary injury

A

delayed effects/changes 2’ the primary injury

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17
Q

Anual incidence rates of TBI

A
  • 2.5 million people annually
  • contributing factor to 1/3 of all injury related deaths (USA)
  • annually, 75% of TBIs are concussions/mTBIs
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18
Q

Risk of brain injury after initial injury?

A

3x greater

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19
Q

After sustaining a second TBI, how high is the risk for another injury?

A

8x greater

20
Q

What is CTE?

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

21
Q

What are the 2 age groups with high rates of falls causing TBI?

A

0-4 and 75+

22
Q

What is the greatest cause of TBI related ED visits/hospitalizations? (11% incidence)

A

Falls

23
Q

What is the greatest cause of TBI deaths? (2%)

A

Motor vehicle crashes

24
Q

Rates of TBI from MVCs are highest for which age group?

A

Adults 20-24

25
Q

What are the three levels of severity of TBI?

A

Mild, moderate, and severe

26
Q

Define: Concussion

A

Mild TBI caused by a bump, blow, or joke to the head that can change the way the brain works.

Can occur from a fall or a blow to the body that causes the brain to move quickly back and forth inside the skull.

Typically not life-threatening

27
Q

Define: mild TBI

A

Can have either briefs or no loss of consciousness and it’s presentation may demonstrate vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, and inability to recall what just happened.

28
Q

What percentage of mTBIs result in LOC?

A

8.9%

29
Q

How many sport related concussions occur each year?

A

1.6 to 3.8 million

30
Q

What are the likely age groups for TBI?

A

15-19

20-24

65+

31
Q

Which age group has the highest rate of TBI related hospitalization and death?

A

75+

32
Q

Nonaccidental trauma is the cause of at least ____% of deaths from head trauma in children under two years old?

A

80%

33
Q

What fraction of children under three years old, who are physically abused have TBI’s?

A

2/3

34
Q

___% of all TBI related emergency department visits involve children aged 0-4 years old

A

18%

35
Q

Falls are the cause of ____% of the TBI’s among children age 0 to 14 years

A

50%

36
Q

Firearm related TBI death rates were highest among which age group’s?

A

20 to 24 and over 75 years of age

37
Q

Motor vehicle related TBI death rates were highest among which age group?

A

15 to 24 years of age

38
Q

Fall related TVI death rates are highest amongst which age group?

A

75 years of age and older (increase significantly with age)

39
Q

Which gender has the highest rate of TBI related death?

A

Males

40
Q

The risk of TBI related death in motor vehicle crashes is highest among which age group?

A

16-19 years old

30% result in TBI

41
Q

How many prisoners have Brain injuries that are not necessarily recognized, diagnosed, or treated?

A

2 million

42
Q

What percent of soldiers have a TBI?

A

10-20%

43
Q

Alcohol is involved in what percent of TBI’s?

A

37 to 51%

44
Q

What percent of women victims of domestic violence add symptoms associated with brain injury?

A

67%

Including 30% with loss of consciousness after a blow to the head and 60% with no loss of consciousness yet having positive symptoms

45
Q

What are 5 screening tools used to identify brain injury?

A

Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) brief and general

HELPS tool (brief and general)

ImPACT (more lengthy and comprehensive) frequently used with athletes suspected of having a concussion

Warrior Administered Retrospective Casualty Assessment Tool (WARCAT) used in military

Trumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire (TBIQ). a brief interview based instrument develop to assess the history of head injury among offenders involved in the criminal justice system

46
Q

What percent of persons with severe brain injury have adequate funding for long-term treatment/supports?

A

5%

47
Q

What is the downfall of basic Medicaid programs?

A

Generally they do not cover most of the after hospital rehab or long term community-based support services that are needed

CBIS (25 decks)

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