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CBIS > Ch 1: Brain Injury Overview > Flashcards

Ch 1: Brain Injury Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is the annual cost to society when individual with brain injury do not receive proper care?

A

$76.5 billion

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2
Q

what are the three reason why individuals with brain injury are at risk for developing significant disability?

A
  1. awareness and understanding of brain injury remain fairly limited
  2. brain injury is frequently not identified
  3. treatment is not always readily available
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3
Q

what is an acquired brain injury?

A

Injury that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma.

The injury results in a change in neuronal activity, which affects the physical integrity, the metabolic activity, & or the functional ability of nerve cells in the brain.

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4
Q

define TBI

A

an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force.

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5
Q

what is a traumatic impact injury?

A

results in an open or closed injury from contact

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6
Q

what is a closed injury?

A

can cause brain lacerations, contusions, or intracerebral hemorrhage within the brain causing focal injuries. (coup-countercoup)

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7
Q

what is a diffuse axonal injury? (DAI)

A

closed injury that results from tearing or shearing of axons

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8
Q

what is an open injury?

A

breach of the skull or the meninges, often resulting in focal injuries (i.e.: epidural or subdural hematoma, or intracerebral hemorrhage)

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9
Q

what is a major complication of penetrating injuries?

A

secondary infection d/t skull or meningeal breach

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10
Q

what are traumatic inertial injuries?

A

non-impact injuries resulting from inertial force (acceleration deceleration forces)

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11
Q

what is a coup injury

A

where the brain hits the skull post linear acceleration

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12
Q

what is countercoup injury?

A

where the brain rebounds to (opposite side) after coup injury

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13
Q

what happen when rotational or angular forces apply to the injury?

A

DAI

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14
Q

NTBI

A

causes damage to the brain by internal factors, such as lack of O2 or nutrients to the nerve cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a tumor/blockage, or other neurological disorders

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15
Q

primary injury

A

what caused the injury and the physical result

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16
Q

secondary injury

A

delayed effects/changes 2’ the primary injury

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17
Q

Anual incidence rates of TBI

A
  • 2.5 million people annually
  • contributing factor to 1/3 of all injury related deaths (USA)
  • annually, 75% of TBIs are concussions/mTBIs
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18
Q

Risk of brain injury after initial injury?

A

3x greater

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19
Q

After sustaining a second TBI, how high is the risk for another injury?

A

8x greater

20
Q

What is CTE?

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

21
Q

What are the 2 age groups with high rates of falls causing TBI?

A

0-4 and 75+

22
Q

What is the greatest cause of TBI related ED visits/hospitalizations? (11% incidence)

23
Q

What is the greatest cause of TBI deaths? (2%)

A

Motor vehicle crashes

24
Q

Rates of TBI from MVCs are highest for which age group?

A

Adults 20-24

25
What are the three levels of severity of TBI?
Mild, moderate, and severe
26
Define: Concussion
Mild TBI caused by a bump, blow, or joke to the head that can change the way the brain works. Can occur from a fall or a blow to the body that causes the brain to move quickly back and forth inside the skull. Typically not life-threatening
27
Define: mild TBI
Can have either briefs or no loss of consciousness and it’s presentation may demonstrate vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, and inability to recall what just happened.
28
What percentage of mTBIs result in LOC?
8.9%
29
How many sport related concussions occur each year?
1.6 to 3.8 million
30
What are the likely age groups for TBI?
15-19 20-24 65+
31
Which age group has the highest rate of TBI related hospitalization and death?
75+
32
Nonaccidental trauma is the cause of at least ____% of deaths from head trauma in children under two years old?
80%
33
What fraction of children under three years old, who are physically abused have TBI’s?
2/3
34
___% of all TBI related emergency department visits involve children aged 0-4 years old
18%
35
Falls are the cause of ____% of the TBI’s among children age 0 to 14 years
50%
36
Firearm related TBI death rates were highest among which age group’s?
20 to 24 and over 75 years of age
37
Motor vehicle related TBI death rates were highest among which age group?
15 to 24 years of age
38
Fall related TVI death rates are highest amongst which age group?
75 years of age and older (increase significantly with age)
39
Which gender has the highest rate of TBI related death?
Males
40
The risk of TBI related death in motor vehicle crashes is highest among which age group?
16-19 years old | 30% result in TBI
41
How many prisoners have Brain injuries that are not necessarily recognized, diagnosed, or treated?
2 million
42
What percent of soldiers have a TBI?
10-20%
43
Alcohol is involved in what percent of TBI’s?
37 to 51%
44
What percent of women victims of domestic violence add symptoms associated with brain injury?
67% Including 30% with loss of consciousness after a blow to the head and 60% with no loss of consciousness yet having positive symptoms
45
What are 5 screening tools used to identify brain injury?
Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) brief and general HELPS tool (brief and general) ImPACT (more lengthy and comprehensive) frequently used with athletes suspected of having a concussion Warrior Administered Retrospective Casualty Assessment Tool (WARCAT) used in military Trumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire (TBIQ). a brief interview based instrument develop to assess the history of head injury among offenders involved in the criminal justice system
46
What percent of persons with severe brain injury have adequate funding for long-term treatment/supports?
5%
47
What is the downfall of basic Medicaid programs?
Generally they do not cover most of the after hospital rehab or long term community-based support services that are needed

CBIS (25 decks)

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