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Medical Terminology > Ch. 2 Human Body in Health & Disease > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Human Body in Health & Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

vertical plane

A

up and down

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2
Q

midsaggital plane

A

divides equal left and right

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3
Q

saggital plane

A

divides unequal left and right

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4
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides front and back

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5
Q

transverse plane

A

divides upper and lower

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6
Q

ventral

A

front

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7
Q

dorsal

A

back

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8
Q

anterior

A

situated in front

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9
Q

posterior

A

situated in back

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10
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above

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11
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below

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12
Q

cephalic

A

toward head

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13
Q

caudal

A

toward feet

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14
Q

proximal

A

nearest beginning of structure

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15
Q

distal

A

nearest end of structure

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16
Q

medial

A

towards midline

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17
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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18
Q

cranial cavity

A

within skull, surround brain

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19
Q

spinal cavity

A

within spinal column, protects cord

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20
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains major digestive organs

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21
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space formed by hipbones, contains major GU organs

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22
Q

cells

A

basic structures/units of body

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23
Q

cell membrane

A

tissure surrounds and protects cell

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24
Q

cytoplasm

A

material inside cell, not including nucleus

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25
Q

cytology

A

study of anatomy, physiology of cell

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26
Q

nucleus

A

controls activities of cell and help cell divide

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27
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA inside nucleus

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28
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells

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29
Q

somatic cells

A

any cell except gametes

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30
Q

tissue

A

group or layer of specialized cells that join to perform specific function. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

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31
Q

histology

A

study of structure, composition, and function of tissure

32
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

protective covering of all internal and external surfaces of body. made of epithelium and endothelium

33
Q

epithelium

A

epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes

34
Q

endothelium

A

lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

35
Q

Connective Tissue

A

support and connect organs and other body tissues. Dense, Adipose, Loose, and Liquid

36
Q

Dense Connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage. forms joints and structure

37
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat. protection, padding, insulation, and support

38
Q

Loose Connective tissue

A

surround organs and support nerve cells and blood vessels

39
Q

Liquid Connective tissue

A

blood and lymph. transports nutrients and waste throughout body

40
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

has ability to contract and relax

41
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

42
Q

Aplasia

A

incomplete development of organ/absence of organ or tissue

43
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of organ or tissue due to deficiency in number of cells

44
Q

Anaplasia

A

change in structure of cells and orientation together. tumors

45
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

46
Q

Hyperplasia

A

enlargement of organ/tissue due to abnormal increase of cells

47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

general increase in bulk of body part to increase in size. not number of cells, but size of cells. not tumor

48
Q

Gland

A

group of epithelial cells capable of producing secretions. Exocrine and Endocrine

49
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete chemical substances in ducts that lead out of body or to organs (sweat glands)

50
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

produce hormones. no ducts. secreted directly into bloodstream and transported to organs

51
Q

Aden/o

A

gland

52
Q

-crine

A

secrete

53
Q

-carcin

A

cancer

54
Q

-oma

A

tumor

55
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of gland

56
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor in glandular tissue

57
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

58
Q

adenomalacia

A

abnormal softening of gland

59
Q

adenosis

A

disease condition of a gland

60
Q

adenosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of gland

61
Q

adenectomy

A

surgical removal of gland

62
Q

etiology

A

study of causes of diseases

63
Q

endemic

A

ongoing presence of disease in population (common cold)

64
Q

epidemic

A

sudden widespread outbreak within a population (measles)

65
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak over large geographical area

66
Q

communicable disease

A

contagious. any condition transmitted form person to person

67
Q

functional disorder

A

symptoms with no physiological or anatomical cause that can by identified

68
Q

idopathic disorder

A

illness without a cause

69
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

70
Q

infectious disease

A

illness caused by a living pathogenic organism, bacteria, or virus

71
Q

nosocomal infection

A

disease acquired in hospital or clinical setting

72
Q

organic disorder

A

symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in body

73
Q

congenital disorder

A

abnormal condition at time of birth. caused by developmental disorder, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during birthing process

74
Q

developmental disorder

A

birth defect. can result in malformation, such as absence of limb or an extra toe.

75
Q

Atresia

A

congenital absence of a normal opening (anal atresia)

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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