Ch. 2-Fundamentals of Mental Illness Flashcards
behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that seeks to get rid of bad behaviors by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior
biopsychosocial model of disease
states that biological, psychological, and social factors all play role in health and illness
- proposed by George L. Engel
- more defined in ch. 1 cards
cognitive therapy
cognition (thinking) is seen as most significant factor in psychological problems and treatment
crisis hotline
phone number people can call to get immediate emergency counseling over the phone by trained volunteers
curanderismo
traditional folk healer or shaman in Hispanic culture
delusion
false belief or opinion
disease
conditions with known pathology (detectable physical change)
disorder
clusters of symptoms and signs with unknown pathology and etiology (physical change and cause)
naturopathy
based on use of physical forces such as heat, water, light, air, and massage
pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS)
psychiatric disorder that entails sudden onset of symptoms like those of OCD following strep
psychosis
symptom or feature of mental illness characterized by radical change in personality, impaired functioning, and distorted sense of reality
Tourette syndrome
neurologic condition that causes person to make vocal or motor tics that are beyond their control
most common disorder in homeless community
substance abuse
most common disorder in female athletes
eating disorders
etiology
causes
Biological influences on mental illness
genetics, infections, TBI, nutrition, hormones, toxins
Genetic influences on mental health
twin studies-helped find out that defects arise from multiple genes (no single gene determines fate)
What did the Human Genome Project accomplish for genetic research on mental health?
it helped find out what time a gene is active and where it is expressed (know critical intervention times and what exactly goes wrong)
Infectious influences on mental health
certain illnesses can migrate to the brain and cause mental problems
- syphilis can cause neurosyphilis
- PANDAS can cause tics, OCD, separation anxiety
Traumatic brain injury’s influences on mental health
blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function
- often life changing, causes cognitive and motor disturbances, memory problems
- can cause personality change
Nutrition’s influences on mental health
deficiencies of multiple nutrients can cause brain function change
- niacin causes irritability, magnesium causes nervousness, etc
- also affects neurotransmitter levels (which affects sleep, mood)
Hormonal influences on mental health
different hormone levels cause different changes
-high testosterone causes aggression, low progesterone during period causes irritability
Toxins’ influences on mental health
heavy metals-mercury, lead, and arsenic most common
-sources: water supply, certain hobbies, industrial
psychosocial influences on mental illness
two components: thinking and social
thinking: ability to reason and make decisions
social: interactions with others and ability to adapt
- external and internal experiences
- 3 Psychosocial Causes:
1. individual characteristics
2. life events, stresses, and relationships
3. neighborhoods, society, and culture
Adjustment Disorder
emotional or behavioral symptoms beginning within 3 months after a stressful event, and lasting no more than 6
-depressed or anxious, isolation, and physical complaints
Anxiety Disorders
uncomfortable and subjective feeling–fear
- high BP, shortness of breath, sweating, fast heartbeat
- most common of all mental illnesses
- diagnosable if response is uncontrollable or affects normal functioning
Cognitive Disorders
affects memory, perception, and problem solving; caused by mental deterioration
- dementia: impaired memory and intellectual functioning
- delirium: altered perception and decreased environmental awareness
- amnesia: short and long term memory problems, inability to recall or learn
Dissociative Disorders
changes in memory, consciousness, identity, and general awareness
-may feel detached, dissociative identity disorder is more known (multiple personality disorder)
Eating Disorders
extreme emotions and behaviors about weight and food
-most common: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating
Factitious Disorders
physical and emotional symptoms expressed on purpose to put the person in the role of person needing help
-“artificially created”
Impulse Control and Addiction Disorders
unable to resist urges to do something even if it is harmful
- ignore responsibilities and relationships
- kleptomania, compulsive gambling, alcohol and drugs
Mood Disorders
aka affective disorders
- emotional, behavioral, and physical pattern changes
- depression, mania, bipolar
Personality Disorders
extreme distressing traits, may not understand the effects of their behavior
-paranoid personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Psychotic Disorders
distorted awareness, hallucinations, delusions
Sexual and Gender Disorders
affects desire, performance, and behavior
paraphilia
unconventional as defined by the dominating culture
Sleep Disorders
insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep terrors, circadian rhythm
Somatoform Disorders
aka psychosomatic disorders
- physical symptoms suggesting disorder but no evidence of physiologic (physical or chemical) cause
- hypochondriasis, panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder
Substance-Related Disorders
recurrent use of substances and failure to fulfill major obligations
Tic Disorders
make uncontrollable vocal and motor tics-Tourette syndrome
manifestation
symptom or sign
manifestation of anxiety on individual level
intense fear in immediately threatening situations
-phobias, generalized anxiety, OCD, PTSD
manifestation of psychosis on individual level
disturbance in ability to comprehend reality, hallucinations, delusions. symptoms divided into positive and negative
positive symptoms of psychosis
added behaviors not normally seen in healthy adults (responsible for most of acute distress)
-hallucinations, delusions, etc
negative symptoms of psychosis
absence of behaviors usually expected in healthy adults (responsible for chronic disability)
-anhedonia, concrete thoughts, etc
concrete thoughts
thoughts are concrete, can’t think abstractly
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
manifestation of mood disturbances on individual level
sustained sadness or mood elevation
-disturbance in appetite, sleeping, memory
manifestation of cognitive disturbances on individual level
ability to organize, process, and recall info
- short term memory is often first to go
- affects attention, concentration, and higher functions
manifestation of mental illness on community level
crime, school dropout rates, violence, employment rates, etc are all symptoms
what is the dividing line between normal and illness?
severity of symptoms, duration of symptoms, and amount of functional impairment
Why is diagnosis of mental illness difficult?
since there is no physical indicator such as a lab test, it lies mostly on patient and clinician observation
why are most mental problems referred to as disorders?
disorders are a cluster of symptoms, and for it to be a diagnosis it has to meet clinical criteria
Screening for Mental Health, Inc. (SMH)
introduced large scale screenings with National Depression Screening Day in Oct. 1991
-offer toll free number and in person and online programs
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
official mortality and morbidity stats established by WHO
-classification for Health Care Financing Administrations’s coding system: specific code for each illness
Animal-Assisted Therapy
trained animals for specific therapeutic reasons-social, emotional, and cognitive problems
Case Management
basically healthcare navigation
-manager designated to advocate and navigate through mental health system for patient
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
things such as herbs, supplements, essential oils, prayer, yoga, acupuncture, etc
- if used alone (alternative)
- if combined with traditional medicine (complementary)
Couples Counseling and Family Therapy
discussing and problem solving, helps family better understand and resolve behavioral patterns
Crisis Hotline
phone number for emergency counseling
-suicide, abuse, domestic violence, etc
Crisis Response Services
short term intervention that addresses immediate symptoms so family can support and plan treatment
-screening, assessment, and disposition to next appropriate level
Educational Programs
in schools, hospitals, community centers, and universities that cover broad range of topics
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
controversial, uses low voltage stimulation of brain to treat severe mental illness
-only used if other forms failed, they are seriously ill, or likely to commit suicide
Group Therapy
4-12 people with a similar problem meet with a therapist and express their own feelings about what someone says or does
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
one on one conversations with therapist about life and relationships
- aims to resolve problems with insight
- behavioral therapy (changes unwanted behaviors with reinforcements
- cognitive therapy (identifies and corrects distorted thinking patterns
Light Therapy
using a light box that mimics natural light
-example, seasonal affective disorder
Play Therapy
tool for diagnosis for children, allows child to express emotions and the objects and patterns of play can help understand cause
Psychopharmacology
medications alone or combination with psychotherapy is proven to be effective, but wide array of meds provides many options but challenges to find the correct one
Support Groups
members meet and share thoughts and feelings related to the particular issue. they are not led by a trained therapist
Depression or Major Depressive Disorder
characterized by 5 of 9 of these symptoms over a 2 week period, has a genetic predisposition, and affects neurotransmitters
- depressed mood
- loss of interest
- irritability
- fatigue
- worthlessness and excess guilt
- significant weight loss or gain
- insomnia/hypersomnia
- activity changes
- recurrent suicidal thoughts
Risk factors for depression
stressful life events, substance abuse, chronic medical condition, major life stressor, and being a woman
suicide rates are highest among which population?
older adult white males, 6x as much as general population
Bipolar Disorder
manic-depressive, can cycle rapidly or slowly
-manic: mood swings, aggressive, nothing is wrong, impulsive, can’t sit still, euphoria, poor judgment, increased sexual interest, substance abuse, omnipotence, decreased need for sleep, and endless energy
Schizophrenia
as early as teens
-categorized by psychosis and positive and negative symptoms (hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal and memory problems)
hallucinations can be:
visual, auditory, olfactory, or somatic
delusions can be:
grandiose, reference, persecutory, somatic, or bizarre
flat affect
vacant look, no emotion
how many people with schizophrenia get treatment?
60%
