ch 2: everyday life and psychological practices

Question 1

New sense of self

Answer 1

• protestant reformation
• glass mirror
• printing press & increased literacy
• conduct books
• diary
• novels & letter writing
• industrial revolution & commercial society
• changes in home & work life
• coping through physiognomy & phrenology

Question 2

Protestant reformation

Answer 2

Martin Luther: personal, private relationship with God & is responsible for that relationship with God
-act in a moral way to achieve salvation
VS christianity which stated that you had to be part of a group, go to church & give to the charities of church to achieve salvation

Question 3

Psychological consequences

Answer 3

• motivates people to do self-reflection

- self-regulation; think about your behaviour

Question 4

Results in Mental life

Answer 4

• increased introspection and increased thinking of ones thoughts and behaviours
• embody religion in everyday life

Question 5

Adam smith’s invisible hand

Answer 5

when every person seeks their own interests, the interests of all are served

Question 6

Moral Sentiment

Answer 6

-human beings need functioning relationships with other people, this makes them watch for the interests of community & guides them toward their own interests

Question 7

Physiognomy (Johann Caspar Lavater)

Answer 7

direct link between the physical, outward appearance of a person & characterq

• link between physical size and personality
• you needed to know youself and your competitions

Question 8

How does Physiognomy relate to psychology?

Answer 8

-it’s the first study of personality. We can understand people through science and we can use this knowledge to excel

Question 9

Phrenology: Joseph Gall

Answer 9

• bumps and protrusions of the skull relate to underlying mental abilities
• human personality & characteristics are located in brain so different parts in the brain respond to diff abilities & based on which parts of the brain are either under or over developed we can study this person
• believed they could be changeable by working on a location of the brain that was under developed and not focus on a part which was over developed
• like a muscle
• based on empirical/observations

Question 10

Adam Smith’s Division of Labour

Answer 10

• became important in commercial & industrialized societies
• maximizes human productivity
• assessment of competitors to gain advantage over them

Question 11

Fowler Brothers

Answer 11

• phrenological clinics in NY, Boston and Philly in 1830s
• established a whole franchise: trained phrenologists and sold phrenological supplies
• first psychological service for fee: paying to get their phrenological charts, their strengths, weaknesses, etc
• it was more inline with the pragmatic values in U.S & became highly popular
• Small town consultation services by itinerant phrenologists: vocational guidance, family/marital counselling and child rearing

Question 12

Results of Fowler Brother’s Phrenological clinics

Answer 12

• Important in U.S for later development of a psychology grounded on individual differences
• Fee-for-service helped prepare the public for a practical & professional Psychology
• Practical science fit well with U.S self-help and self-improvement
• results were understandable to the “common man”
• real psychology of modern life because focused on personality, individuality and how we can improve ourselves

Question 13

4 strands of little “p” psychology by 1500s

Answer 13

-philosophical debates,

• physiology in medicine,
• evolutionary
• everyday psychological practices all lead toward the self of sense as we know it

Question 14

SUMMARY: the development of self through early modern periods

Answer 14

• Remarkable growth in the sense of self as autonomous and private
• Subjectivity, or psychologizing of the interior life
• Without a sense of self, a science of the self would not have been possible