Ch. 2 (Culture)

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

the totality of learned, shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another

Question 2

Societies

Answer 2

groups of people who share common cultures

Question 3

In-groups

Answer 3

groups of people with whom we identify with

Question 4

Out-groups

Answer 4

groups we see as different from ourselves

Question 5

Enculturation

Answer 5

the process of acquiring a culture

Question 6

Culture is different from what?

Answer 6

ethnicity and nationality

Question 7

Co-cultures

Answer 7

groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship. Can reflect shared activities, beliefs, or characterisitcs

Question 8

Symbol

Answer 8

anything that represents an idea. Cultures have different symbols (flags and national anthems)

Question 9

Values

Answer 9

the standards a culture uses to judge how good, desirable, or beautiful something is

Question 10

Norms

Answer 10

rules or expectations that guide people’s behavior in a culture (greeting norms and norms for politeness often vary across cultures)

Question 11

Co-culture distinctive features:

Answer 11

symbols (pride flag) and actions (genuflecting: kneeling on ground to show respect)

Question 12

Cultural universals (similarities)

Answer 12

Enforce fairness and punish cheaters, value loyalty and reciprocate favors, divide labor on the basis of sex, defer to legitimate authority, experience pride and shame, have beliefs about death and experience mourning, ad express emotions through facial expressions.

Question 13

Individualistic cultures

Answer 13

believe their responsibility is to themselves

Question 14

Collectivistic cultures

Answer 14

believe their responsibility is to their communities

Question 15

Low-context cultures

Answer 15

taught to communicate directly and to “say what they mean”

Question 16

High-context cultures

Answer 16

taught to convey meaning through subtle behaviors and contextual cues rather than through verbal directness

Question 17

Low-power-distance cultures

Answer 17

believe that no one person or group should have excessive power

Question 18

High-power-distance cultures

Answer 18

believe that certain groups have great power, and the average citizen has much less power

Question 19

Masculine cultures

Answer 19

cherish traditionally masculine values (ambition, achievement, and the acquisition of goods) and believe in sex-differentiated roles

Question 20

Feminine cultures

Answer 20

cherish traditionally nurturing behaviors, quality of life, and service to others, and they tend not to believe in sex-differentiated roles

Question 21

Monochronic cultures

Answer 21

view time as a finite commodity (one task at a time, plan and organize)

Question 22

Polychronic cultures

Answer 22

view time as more holistic and fluid and less structured (multi-task, spontaneous, rely on others as time cues)

Question 23

Uncertainty-avoiding cultures

Answer 23

drawn to the familiar and are relatively unlikely to take risks

Question 24

Uncertainty-accepting cultures

Answer 24

open to novel situations and are accepting of people and ideas that are different from their own

Question 25

How can we improve our cultural communication skills?

Answer 25

Avoid ethnocentrism, expect ambiguity, appreciate differences, know about different communication codes, and be mindful!

Question 26

Different communication codes

Answer 26

Different idioms (phrases/sayings), different jargon (specialized/technical language), and different gestures.

Question 27

Systemic

Answer 27

policies and practices that are deeply embedded in an institution/system. They influence how messages are created, distributed, and interpreted. (Ex, institutional norms, power dynamics, and societal structures)

Question 28

Intersectionality

Answer 28

characteristics of a person that acknowledges how their identity contributes to their discrimination or privilege.