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dummies workbook a&p > ch 2 chemical reactions > Flashcards

ch 2 chemical reactions Flashcards

1
Q

chemical bonds that hold together molecules and the organic compounds created by

A

chemical reactions

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2
Q

a chemical reactions rearranges the atoms of the

A

reactant molecules to generate new product molecules

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3
Q

what are the 3 most common chemical reactions in our bodies

A
  • synthesis
  • decomposition
  • exchange
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4
Q

synthesis

A

A + B –> AB
* for ex. the formation of proteins

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5
Q

decomposition

A

AB –> A + B
* for ex. nutrient digestion

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6
Q

exchange

A

AB + CD –> AC + BD
* for ex. buffers counteracting a pH change

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7
Q

chemical bonds

atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns possible which means that they have a tendancy to complete or fill their

A

outermost electron orbits

they join with other atoms to do just that

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8
Q

chemical bonds

the force that holds atoms together in collections known as molcules is referred to as a

A

chemical bond

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9
Q

chemical bonds

atoms of different elements have varying affinities for electrons measured by their

A

electronegativity

this dictates the type of chemical bonds they will form

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10
Q

ionic bond

this chemical bond involves a transfer of an

A

electron to the atom with higher electronegativity

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11
Q

ionic bond

so one atom gains an electron while one atom

A

loses an electron

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12
Q

ionic bond

one of the resulting ions carries a

A

negatvie charge (anion) and the other ion carries a postivie charge (cation)

because opposites charges attract the atoms bond together to form a molecule

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13
Q

covalnet bond (non-polar)

the most common bond in

A

organic molcules

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14
Q

covalnet bond (non-polar)

this bond involves 2 atoms with similar electronegativities sharing

A

electrons

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15
Q

covalnet bond (non-polar)

in the human body this is the most

A

stable connection between atoms

this does not hold true outside the presence of water

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16
Q

polar covalent bond

polar bond

A
  • an intermediate case between ionic and covalent bonding with one of the end of the molecule slightly negatively and the other end slightly positively charged

sometimes atoms with different electronegativity will form a covalent bond producing an unevenly distrubuted charge

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17
Q

polar covalent bond

these slight imbalances in charge distrubution are indicated by

A

lowercase delta with a charge superscript (+ or -)

although the resulting molecule is neutral at close distance the uneven charge distribution can be important

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18
Q

polar covalent bond

water is an ex. of a polar molcule

A
  • the oxygen end has a slight negative charge wheras the hydrogen ends are slightly more positive
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19
Q

polar covalent bond

polarity explains why some substances dissolve readily in

A

water and others do not

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20
Q

hydrogen bond

because they’re polarized 2 adjacent H2O molecules (or any other polar molecules) can form a linkage known as a

A

hydrogen bond
where the (electropositive) hydrogen atom of one H2O molecule is electrostatically attracted to the (electronegative) oxygen atom of an adjacent water molecule

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21
Q

hydrogen bond

consequently molecules of water join together transiently in a

A

hydrgen bond lattice

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

hydrogen bonds have only about 1/20 the strength of a covalent bond yet even this force is sufficient to affect the

A

structure of water producing many of its unique properties such as:
* high surface tension
* specific heat

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23
Q

hydrogen bond

hydrogen bonds are important in many life processes such as

A
  • replication
  • defining the shape of DNA molecules
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24
Q

when different elements combine through chemical reaction they form

A

compounds

25
Q

when compounds contain carbon they’re called

A

organic compounds

26
Q

the 4 families of organic compounds with important biological functions are

A
  1. carbohyrdates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
27
Q

carbohydrates

these molecules consist of

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
    in a ratio roughly of 1:2:1
28
Q

carbohydrates

carbohydrates are formed by the chemical reaction processes of

A
  • condensation
  • dehydration synthesis
29
Q

carbohydrates

carbohydrates are broken apart by

A

hydrolysis
* the cleavage of a compound by a reaction that adds water

30
Q

carbohydrates

the subcategories of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • oligosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
31
Q

carbohydrates

monosaccharides

A
  • also known as simple sugars
  • the building blocks (monomers) of larger carbohydrates molecules and are a source of stored energy
  • key monomers include: glucose, fructose, galactose ; these 3 have the same numbers of carbon (6), hydrogen (12), and oxygen (6) atoms in each molecule–formally written as C6H12O6–but the bonding arrangements are different; molecules with this kind of relationship are called isomers
  • two important five-carbon monosaccharides (pentose) are ribose, a component of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribose, a component of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
32
Q

carbohydrates

disaccharides

A
  • sugars are formed by the bonding of two monosaccharides
  • including sucrose (table sugar), lactose, maltose
33
Q

carbohydrates

oligosaccharides

A
  • contain 3 to 9 simple sugars that serve many functions
  • found on plasma membranes of cells where they function in cell-to-cell recognition
34
Q

carbohydrates

polysaccharides

A
  • are polymers
  • formed when many monomers bond into long, chainlike molecules
  • glycogen is the primary polymer in the body; it breaks down into individual monomers of glucose, which cells use to generate usable energy
35
Q

lipids

lipids are commonly known as

A

fats

36
Q

lipids

these molecules consist of a

A

3-carbon glycerol linked to fatty acid chains

37
Q

lipids

insoluble in water because they contain an abundance of

A

nonpolar bonds
* lipids molecules have 6 times more stored energy than carbohyrate molecules

38
Q

lipids

upon hydrolysis however most fats form

A

glycerol and fatty acids

39
Q

lipids

a fatty acid is a

A

long straight chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached

40
Q

lipids

if the carbon chain has its full number of hydrogen atoms the fatty acid is

A

saturated
* ex butter or lard

41
Q

lipids

if the carbon chain has less than its full number of hydrogen atoms due to double bonds the fatty acid is

A

unsaturated
* ex margarine and vegetable oils

42
Q

lipids

phospholipids as the name suggests

A
  • contain phosphorus and often nitrogen in place of one fatty acid chains
  • these are aligned side-by-side to form the cell membrane
43
Q

lipids

other lipids include

A
  • cholesterol
  • vitamins A and D
  • steroid hormones
44
Q

proteins

among the largest molecules can reach molecular weights of some

A

40 million atomic units

45
Q

proteins

proteins always contain

A
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • carbon
  • and sometimes contain phosphorus & sulfur
46
Q

proteins

examples of proteins in the body include

A
  • antibodies
  • hemoglobin (the red pigment in RBCs)
  • enzymes (catalysts that accelerate reactions in the body)
47
Q

proteins

the human body builds protein molcules using 20 different kinds of monomers called

A

amino acids

48
Q

proteins

an amino acid is a

A

carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino group (-NH), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a unique chain called the R group

49
Q

proteins

amino acids link together by

A

peptide bonds to form long molecules called polypeptides, which then assemble into proteins

50
Q

proteins

these bonds form when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the

A

amino group of another molecule, releasing a molcule of water (dehyration synthesis)

51
Q

proteins

a polypeptide is not a

A
  • functioning protein
  • it must then be folded, twisted, and often linked with other polypeptides to create a three-dimensional structure which allows it to carry out its function
52
Q

nucleic acid

nucleic acids are long

A
  • molecules
  • found primarily in the cell’s nucleus
  • act as the body’s genetic blueprint
53
Q

nucleic acid

nucleic acids are comprimised of smaller building blocks called

A

nucleotides

54
Q

nucleic acid

each nucleotide is composed of

A
  • five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
  • a phosphate group
  • a nitrogenous base
55
Q

nucleic acid

in nucleotides the sugar and phosphate groups link to form the

A

backbone of the molecule

56
Q

nucleic acid

in nucleotides the base is attached to the

A

sugar and aligns with its partner on the other strand

57
Q

nucleic acid

the nitrogenous bases in DNA are

A
  • adenine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • they always pair A-T and C-G forming hydrogen bonds between the bases creating the rungs of the DNA ladder
58
Q

nucleic acid

nitrogenous bases in RNA are the same except for

A
  • thymine is replaced by uracil
  • these always pair off A-U and C-G during transcription
  • occur in single strand

dummies workbook a&p (13 decks)

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