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Pharm > Ch 2 Chem Review > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chem Review Flashcards

1
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

R - OH

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2
Q

Ester functional group

A

O
II
R-C-O-R’

O double-bonded to C-O, with R group on each side.
O=CO between two R groups. aka COO.

RCOOR’

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3
Q

Amino functional group

A

NH2

R-CH2-NH2

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4
Q

Carboxyl functional group

A

O
II
R - C - OH

O double-bonded to C-OH with R group joined to C.
aka COOH.

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5
Q

Phosphate functional group

A

PO4

           O-
            I
R - O - P = O
            I
           O-
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6
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

O
II
R-C-H

H-C=O

RCHO

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7
Q

Ketone functional group

A

O
II
R - C - R

C=O

RCOR

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8
Q

Methyl functional group

A

CH3

R - C - H

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9
Q

Ether functional group

A

R-CH2OCH2-R’

     H         H
      I           I
R - C - O - C - R'
      I           I
     H         H

CH2 - O - CH2

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10
Q

Sulfhydryl functional group

A

R - CH2 - SH

sulfur + hydrogen
SH

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11
Q

_____ are negatively charged particles

A

electrons

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12
Q

_____ are positively charged particles`

A

protons

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13
Q

ISOTOPES of an element are atoms that differ in their number of ________ but have the same number of protons.

A

neutrons

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14
Q

The atomic number of an element indicates the number of _______ present in the nucleus.

A

protons

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15
Q

In an uncharged atom, the number of electrons and protons in the nucleus are…

A

equal

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16
Q

What are the six most common elements found in living organisms>

A

CHONPS

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17
Q

LOSS of electrons results in a _____ charge. (because negatively charged particles have been lost)

A

Positive.

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18
Q

Most common type of bond, but weaker than ionic or covalent

A

Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by…

A

hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds are formed between WHICH atoms

A

an H atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N, attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule.

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21
Q

organic compounds always contain which two elements>

A

C and H

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22
Q

Is water organic?

A

NO

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23
Q

water is a polar molecule. Where are the positive or negative charges found?

A

O is more electronegative, H is more electropositive.

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24
Q

the pH of pure water is…

A

7.0

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25
Q

Acidic solutions have more ___ in solution.

A

H+

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26
Q

Basic solutions have more ___ in solution.

A

OH

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27
Q

The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as …

A

pH

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28
Q

pH =

A

-log[H+]

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29
Q

Most organisms grow best in which pH range?

A

6.5 - 8.5

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30
Q

____ are better able to tolerate acidic conditions compared to (most) bacteria.

A

FUNGI

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31
Q

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is known as the

A

carbon skeleton

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32
Q

_______ ______ are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound.

A

functional groups

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33
Q

Different structures will have different…

A

functions

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34
Q

Biological importance of alcohols

A

found in lipids, carbohydrates

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35
Q

Biological importance of aldehydes

A

found in reducing sugars such as glucose, polysaccharides

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36
Q

Biological importance of ketones

A

metabolic intermediates

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37
Q

Biological importance of methyls

A

DNA, energy metabolism

38
Q

Biological importance of amino groups

A

PROTEINS!

39
Q

Biological importance of esters

A

bacterial and eukaryotic plasma membranes

40
Q

Biological importance of ETHERS

A

archaeal plasma membranes

41
Q

Biological importance of sulfhydryl groups

A

energy metabolism, protein structures

42
Q

Biological importance of carboxyl groups

A

organic acids, lipids, proteins

43
Q

Biological importance of phosphate groups

A

ATP, DNA

44
Q

What are the functional groups in an amino acid?

A

AMINO group NH2, and

CARBOXYL group, COOH

45
Q

Macromolecules are ________ consisting of small, repeating molecules.

A

Polymers

46
Q

What are the four categories of biological macromolecules>?

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

47
Q

Monomer units are joined by _______ _______ reactions

A

dehydration synthesis

H and OH are removed to link up monomers and form a polymer and water.

48
Q

Polymers are broken down by ________ reactions

A

hydrolysis

49
Q

___________ are simple sugars with 3-7 C atoms

A

monosaccharides

50
Q

GLUCOSE is an example of which type of carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

51
Q

_____________ are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synth rxn

A

DISACCHARIDES

52
Q

Disaccharides can be broken down by…

A

hydrolysis

53
Q

SUCROSE is a

A

disaccharide formed when glucose and fructose join in a dehydration synth reaction

54
Q

_______ consist of 3-20 monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

55
Q

_______ consist of over 20 up to hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehyd synth

A

polysaccharides

56
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, chitin

57
Q

functions of carbohydrates include

A

food source, energy storage, structural support

58
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

59
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

60
Q

Simple lipids, also called fats or triglycerides, contain which three atoms

A

C, H, O

61
Q

What is the monomer unit of simple lipids

A

1 glycerol backbone and 1-3 fatty acid tails

62
Q

How are simple lipids formed?

A

dehydration synthesis

63
Q

Which elemeents are found in complex lipids?

A

C, H, O, & P, N, or S

example: phospholipids

64
Q

What is meant by SATURATED or UNSATURATED fat?

A

in a saturated fat, all C atoms are saturated with H atoms. An unsaturated fat will contain one or more double bond and will be liquid at room temp because the fatty acid tails will not “stack” well together.

65
Q

How are cis and trans structures different in unsaturated fats?

A

cis: H atoms are on the same side of the double bond
trans: H atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

66
Q

Flagella are made of…

A

proteins

67
Q

T/F some bacterial toxins are proteins

A

True

68
Q

Proteins are polymers of…

A

amino acids (the monomer)

69
Q

What are the groups/general structure of an amino acid?

A

amino group, R side group, carboxyl group, H, each bonded to alpha carbon.

70
Q

How many amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

71
Q

amino acids come together by dehydration synthesis during the process of …

A

translation

72
Q

_____ bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis

A

PEPTIDE bonds

73
Q

A peptide bond is between…

A

C - N

N-C-C—N-C-C

74
Q

All bonds in tertiary protein structure depend on…

A

the side groups

75
Q

Conjugated proteins consist of

A

amino acids and other organic molecules

76
Q

Examples of conjugated protein types…

A

glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins

77
Q

___________ are monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

78
Q

The difference between nucleosides and nucleotides is

A

nucleosides do not (yet) have a phosphate group

79
Q

The three components of a nucelotide are:

A

pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (T-A-G-C-U)

80
Q

The two components of a nucleoside are…

A

pentose and a nitrogenous base

81
Q

the backbone of DNA is…

A

a sugar phosphate strand

82
Q

what are the 5 nitrogenous bases

A

thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

83
Q

in DNA, adenine H-bonds with…

A

thymine

84
Q

in RNA, adenine H-bonds with…

A

uracil

85
Q

In DNA and RNA, cytosine H-bonds with…

A

guanine

86
Q

the pentose sugar _______ has only H bound to the 2’ carbon, no O.

A

DEOXYribose

87
Q

the pentose sugar _____ has OH bound to the 2’ carbon.

A

ribose

88
Q

Is ATP considered a nucleic acid?

A

YES

89
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

90
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

ribose, adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups

91
Q

Through which process is ATP created?

A

dehydration synthesis

92
Q

through wchich process is ATP broken down to liberate useful energy for the cell?

A

hydrolysis

Pharm (5 decks)

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