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RECENT Anatomy & Physiology 1 > ch 2 chem of life > Flashcards

ch 2 chem of life Flashcards

1
Q

matter

matter is

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

matter

matter is made up of atoms that

A

join together to form chemicals with different characteristics

these characteristic will determine physiology at the molecular and cellular levels

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3
Q

chemical element

a chemical element is the

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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4
Q

chemical elements

an atom of a chemical element is composed of

A

subatomic particles

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5
Q

chemical elements

subatomic particles may be located in one of two areas in the atom

A
  1. central nucleus of the atom
  2. electron cloud
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6
Q

elements of the human body

major elements total 98.5%

A
  • oxygen, O
  • carbon, C
  • hydrogen, H
  • nitrogen, N
  • calcium, Ca
  • phosphorus, P
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7
Q

elements of the human body

lesser elements total 0.8%

A
  • sulfur, S
  • potassium, K
  • sodium, Na
  • chlorine, Cl
  • magnesium, Mg
  • iron, Fe
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8
Q

elements of the human body

trace elements total 0.7%

A
  • chromium, Cr
  • fluorine, F
  • molybdenum, Mo
  • tin, Sn
  • cobalt, Co
  • iodine, I
  • selenium, Se
  • vanadium, V
  • copper, Cu
  • manganese, Mn
  • silicon, Si
  • zinc, Zn
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9
Q

elements of the human body

there are 91 naturally occuring elements and

A

24 of them play a role in the human body

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10
Q

elements of the human body

major elements make up most of the

A

body weight while trace elements are found in minute quantities

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11
Q

elements of the human body

trace elements just like major and lesser elements play a

A

vital role in the human body

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12
Q

elements of the human body

deficiency of any element can cause

A

disease and even death while elements that are not found in the human body when the body is poisoned with them can also cause disease and may be fatal

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13
Q

elements of the human body

several of these elements are also classified as minerals and are used for

A
  • structure
  • numerous physiological functions
  • can serve as coenzymes in chemical reactions
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14
Q

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

neutron

A

no charge (neutral)
located in central nucleus

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15
Q

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

proton

A

positive charge
located in central nucleus

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16
Q

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

electron

A

negative charge
orbits around the central nucleus in the electron cloud

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17
Q

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

electrons do not contribute to the mass of the atom but

A

protons (1 mass unit) and neutrons do (1 mass unit)

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18
Q

atomic terminology

atomic mass
(mass number)

A

sum of PROTONS and NEUTRONS of an atom

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19
Q

atomic terminology

atomic number

A

number of the PROTONS of an atom

20
Q

atomic terminology

atomic weight

A

avg weight of an atom considering the mass of all the ISOTOPES and their percentages

21
Q

isotopes

isotopes

A

all elements have varities that differ in the number of NEUTRONS they have

22
Q

isotopes

isotopes of an element differ in their

A

MASS
so the atomic weight accounts for abundance of the isotope and mass relative to the other isotopes

23
Q

isotopes

radioisotopes

A

many isotopes are not stable they DECAY to become more stable and in the process emit radioactivity

24
Q

isotopes and radiation

ionizing radiation

A

high energy radiation like that of radioisotopes occur by the ejection of electrons from the atom

ex. ultra violet rays, x rays, and nuclear decay (alpha, beta, and gamma rays) of atoms

25
Q

isotopes and radiation

radioactivity

A

causes problems in the human body as it destroys molecules

overexposure can be fatal or cause cancer

26
Q

isotopes and radiation

in the healthcare field radioactivity is also used in lower doses to

A

detect and treat disease

ex x rays and radiation therapy

27
Q

electron orbitals

electrons in the electron cloud determine the

A

reactivity of the atom with other atoms

28
Q

electron orbitals

the bohr model of electron orbital shows

A

that electrons occupy a series of energy levels called shells

29
Q

electron orbitals

each electron shell can hold

A

2n(squared) electrons where n refers to the nth shell

ex. the innermost shell is n=1 and holds 2 electrons while the next shell is n=2 and can hold up to 8 electrons

30
Q

electron orbitals

valence shell

A

the outermost orbital and determines bonding

31
Q

electron orbitals

an atom wants its valence shell to be full of

A

electrons

32
Q

electron orbitals

if the valence shell is full it is

A

inert like helium

33
Q

electron orbitals

if not it’s electrons can interact with another atom’s electrons to fill its shell=

A

makes a chemical bond

34
Q

chemical bonds

chemical bonds are interactions between

A

atoms that stabilize the valence shell

35
Q

chemical bonds

molecules are two or more atoms joined by

A

strong bonds
ex oxygen, O2

36
Q

chemical bonds

if the atoms are differenct from one another it can be called a

A

molecule or a compounds
ex hydrogen dioxide H2O

37
Q

chemical bonds

there are 3 ways to unite 2 atoms to make a molecule

A

one ionic and two covalent bonding

38
Q

chemical bonds

how many chemical bonds are there

A
  1. ionic bonds
  2. non-polar covalent bonds
  3. polar covalent bonds
39
Q

chemical bonds

forming these chemical bonds involves

A

gaining/losing or sharing electrons

40
Q

chemical bonds

molecules can also form weak interactions like

A
  • hydrogen bonding
  • Van Der Waals Forces
41
Q

chemical bonds

weak interactions like Hydrogen Bonding and Van Der Waals Forces form through the attraction of

A

one molecule or one atom to another but no electrons are exchanged or shared

42
Q

ionic bonds

one atom (electron donor, cation) gives its electrons to

A

another atom (electron acceptor, anion)

43
Q

ionic bonds

the cation has what kind of charge

A

positive charge

44
Q

ionic bonds

the anion has what kind of charge

A

negative charge

45
Q

ionic bonds

example of ionic bonds

A

sodium chloride (table salt)
cation: Na+1
anion: Cl-1

46
Q

slide 17

A

RECENT Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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