ch 2 chem of life

Question 1

matter

matter is

Answer 1

anything that has mass and takes up space

Question 2

matter

matter is made up of atoms that

Answer 2

join together to form chemicals with different characteristics

these characteristic will determine physiology at the molecular and cellular levels

Question 3

chemical element

a chemical element is the

Answer 3

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Question 4

chemical elements

an atom of a chemical element is composed of

Answer 4

subatomic particles

Question 5

chemical elements

subatomic particles may be located in one of two areas in the atom

Answer 5

1. central nucleus of the atom
2. electron cloud

Question 6

elements of the human body

major elements total 98.5%

Answer 6

• oxygen, O
• carbon, C
• hydrogen, H
• nitrogen, N
• calcium, Ca
• phosphorus, P

Question 7

elements of the human body

lesser elements total 0.8%

Answer 7

• sulfur, S
• potassium, K
• sodium, Na
• chlorine, Cl
• magnesium, Mg
• iron, Fe

Question 8

elements of the human body

trace elements total 0.7%

Answer 8

• chromium, Cr
• fluorine, F
• molybdenum, Mo
• tin, Sn
• cobalt, Co
• iodine, I
• selenium, Se
• vanadium, V
• copper, Cu
• manganese, Mn
• silicon, Si
• zinc, Zn

Question 9

elements of the human body

there are 91 naturally occuring elements and

Answer 9

24 of them play a role in the human body

Question 10

elements of the human body

major elements make up most of the

Answer 10

body weight while trace elements are found in minute quantities

Question 11

elements of the human body

trace elements just like major and lesser elements play a

Answer 11

vital role in the human body

Question 12

elements of the human body

deficiency of any element can cause

Answer 12

disease and even death while elements that are not found in the human body when the body is poisoned with them can also cause disease and may be fatal

Question 13

elements of the human body

several of these elements are also classified as minerals and are used for

Answer 13

• structure
• numerous physiological functions
• can serve as coenzymes in chemical reactions

Question 14

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

neutron

Answer 14

no charge (neutral)
located in central nucleus

Question 15

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

proton

Answer 15

positive charge
located in central nucleus

Question 16

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

electron

Answer 16

negative charge
orbits around the central nucleus in the electron cloud

Question 17

atoms of an element have subatomic particles

electrons do not contribute to the mass of the atom but

Answer 17

protons (1 mass unit) and neutrons do (1 mass unit)

Question 18

atomic terminology

atomic mass
(mass number)

Answer 18

sum of PROTONS and NEUTRONS of an atom

Question 19

atomic terminology

atomic number

Answer 19

number of the PROTONS of an atom

Question 20

atomic terminology

atomic weight

Answer 20

avg weight of an atom considering the mass of all the ISOTOPES and their percentages

Question 21

isotopes

isotopes

Answer 21

all elements have varities that differ in the number of NEUTRONS they have

Question 22

isotopes

isotopes of an element differ in their

Answer 22

MASS
so the atomic weight accounts for abundance of the isotope and mass relative to the other isotopes

Question 23

isotopes

radioisotopes

Answer 23

many isotopes are not stable they DECAY to become more stable and in the process emit radioactivity

Question 24

isotopes and radiation

ionizing radiation

Answer 24

high energy radiation like that of radioisotopes occur by the ejection of electrons from the atom

ex. ultra violet rays, x rays, and nuclear decay (alpha, beta, and gamma rays) of atoms

Question 25

# isotopes and radiation radioactivity

Answer 25

causes problems in the human body as it destroys molecules ## Footnote overexposure can be fatal or cause cancer

Question 26

# isotopes and radiation in the healthcare field radioactivity is also used in lower doses to

Answer 26

detect and treat disease ## Footnote ex x rays and radiation therapy

Question 27

# electron orbitals electrons in the electron cloud determine the

Answer 27

reactivity of the atom with other atoms

Question 28

# electron orbitals the bohr model of electron orbital shows

Answer 28

that electrons occupy a series of energy levels called shells

Question 29

# electron orbitals each electron shell can hold

Answer 29

2n(squared) electrons where n refers to the nth shell ## Footnote ex. the innermost shell is n=1 and holds 2 electrons while the next shell is n=2 and can hold up to 8 electrons

Question 30

# electron orbitals valence shell

Answer 30

the outermost orbital and determines bonding

Question 31

# electron orbitals an atom wants its valence shell to be full of

Answer 31

electrons

Question 32

# electron orbitals if the valence shell is full it is

Answer 32

inert like helium

Question 33

# electron orbitals if not it's electrons can interact with another atom's electrons to fill its shell=

Answer 33

makes a chemical bond

Question 34

# chemical bonds chemical bonds are interactions between

Answer 34

atoms that stabilize the valence shell

Question 35

# chemical bonds molecules are two or more atoms joined by

Answer 35

strong bonds ex oxygen, O2

Question 36

# chemical bonds if the atoms are differenct from one another it can be called a

Answer 36

molecule or a compounds ex hydrogen dioxide H2O

Question 37

# chemical bonds there are 3 ways to unite 2 atoms to make a molecule

Answer 37

one ionic and two covalent bonding

Question 38

# chemical bonds how many chemical bonds are there

Answer 38

1. ionic bonds 2. non-polar covalent bonds 3. polar covalent bonds

Question 39

# chemical bonds forming these chemical bonds involves

Answer 39

gaining/losing or sharing electrons

Question 40

# chemical bonds molecules can also form weak interactions like

Answer 40

* hydrogen bonding * Van Der Waals Forces

Question 41

# chemical bonds weak interactions like Hydrogen Bonding and Van Der Waals Forces form through the attraction of

Answer 41

one molecule or one atom to another but no electrons are exchanged or shared

Question 42

# ionic bonds one atom (electron donor, cation) gives its electrons to

Answer 42

another atom (electron acceptor, anion)

Question 43

# ionic bonds the cation has what kind of charge

Answer 43

positive charge

Question 44

# ionic bonds the anion has what kind of charge

Answer 44

negative charge

Question 45

# ionic bonds example of ionic bonds

Answer 45

sodium chloride (table salt) cation: Na+1 anion: Cl-1

Question 46

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