CH 2: Cells, Organ Systems, and Digestion Flashcards
What 5 organ systems are considered vital for survival?
brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs
Name the various cell organelles and their functions in the cells.
Cell Organelles
a. Nucleolus – used to generate ribosomes and cell-signaling particles.
b. Nucleus – used to hold the cell’s genetic material.
c. Ribosome – performs biological protein synthesis.
d. Vesicle – performs secretion from a cell, uptake into a cell, and material transport inside of a cell.
e. Rough ER – used to produce proteins.
f. Smooth ER – Produces lipids and steroid hormones, stores calcium ions, and
removes metabolic by-products.
g. Golgi apparatus – packages proteins into vesicles for transport.
h. Centriole – aids in the cell division processes.
i. Mitochondria – generates cellular energy for the cell.
j. Lysosome – digests and removes waste within a cell.
k. Peroxisome – produces water and breaks down fatty acids.
l. Microtubule – provides structure and shape to the cells.
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, Connective
Epithelial tissue
body tissue that line the cavities of the body. Sheets of epithelial cells form the epidermis, which is the skin.
- lines the GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Muscle tissue
There are three types of muscle tissue that make up this category. Muscle works to provide movement for the body in many ways.
3 subtypes of muscle tissue:
skeletal muscle, which is the most common and around 40 percent of total human body mass. This is used for voluntary contraction of the body.
Smooth muscle. not as abundant as the skeletal variety, but it plays a much larger role in human functions. Smooth muscle is responsible for the involuntary actions in every organ system ranging from the uterine contractions all the way to digestion and secretion.
Cardiac muscle. This is unique in its contraction method. It is involuntary and found only in the heart, and has both branched and striated muscle fibers which allow for the propagation of signals through the individual cells.
What does nervous tissue do and where can it be found?
Also referred to as neurons.
Nervous tissue encompasses all of the cells of the nervous system, and they are in charge of controlling the movement and function of the body. The nerve and neuroglial cells are inside the nervous tissue.
- in the central or the peripheral nervous system.
Types of Connective tissue
loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues.
Loose connective tissues are made out of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers, and they work to hold the organs in their place.
Dense connective tissue is made up of the same stuff and it works to make up the tendons and ligaments that connect muscle and bone.
Specialized connective tissue is any tissues that support, connect, or bind other tissues in the body in some way.
- used for a variety of specific tasks, like adipose tissue cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph flu
What does the circulatory system do? What comprises it? What are its main functions?
The circulatory system is used to circulate blood within the vascular system and all around the body
- it is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.
The system is a closed one, and this means that the fluid stays within the system.
The main function and purpose of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body and to take care of metabolic waste in the form of carbon dioxide through the return of blood.
The system is also important for the transport of nutrients from the digestive system to bodily tissues and for the clearance of waste that comes from physical activity.
What different types of blood cells exist as part of the circulatory system?
We have three categories of blood cells, and one has many subcategories.
- Platelets come in the form of thrombocytes.
- Red blood cells come in the form of erythrocytes.
- White blood cells come in the form of basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte.
Explain the endocrine system.
The endocrine system and the nervous system work closely together so that they can produce, release, and regulate the chemical messengers in the body known as hormones. Hormones are used to affect the growth, development, and metabolic activity of the tissues in the body.
The endocrine system has 2 main categories for the glands. These are exocrine and endocrine glands. Exocrine glands have ducts to carry secretions to the surface, whereas endocrine glands are without ducts and move their secretions to the bloodstream.
What are the functions and hormones produced in each of the glands?
Functions and hormones made in the endocrine glands:
a. The adrenal gland produces adrenalin, and this functions to regulate blood pressure and as a “fight or flight” hormone.
b. The pituitary gland produces growth hormone and oxytocin, and these hormones function to regulate our growth and stimulate uterine contraction in pregnant women, respectively.
c. The thyroid gland makes thyroid hormone, and this works to regulate our metabolic rate and growth.
d. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, and this works to control carbohydrate metabolism and regulate the sugar from the liver, respectively
e. The ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin. These hormones work to develop the female sex organs and characteristics, attaches the fetus to the uterine wall, and widens the pelvis for birth.
f. The testes produce testosterone, and this works to develop male sex organs and characteristics.
What are the six functions that the digestive system has?
The digestive system has six main functions that are responsible for the breakdown of food for energy and use:
1. Ingestion, or taking food into the body via the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion, or the mastication and chewing and
churning of the mouth and mixing actions within the stomach to
break down foods.
3. Chemical digestion, or the breaking down of food by way of
enzymes released for the stomach.
4. Movements, or the movement of food through the entire digestive
system with rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the
digestive tract, also known as peristalsis.
5. Absorption, or absorbing the simpler molecules through the cell
membranes in the small intestine lining and moving this to the
blood or the lymphatic system.
6. Elimination, or the removal of the waste products and indigestible
parts of foods.
What are the tracts of the digestive system?
The digestive system is broken down into the alimentary tract and the accessory organs.
The alimentary tract includes all of the organs that food travels through.
1. Mouth, where chewing and the entry of saliva come
into play.
2. Pharynx is the next location, and this is where food, water, and
air must be transported.
3. Esophagus is third, and this is when food travels from the
pharynx and is swallowed.
4. The food then enters the stomach and is divided into the four parts
of the fundic, cardiac, body, and pyloric regions.
5. The small intestine is next, and it is the location where many
nutrients are absorbed in the body. It is made of the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum.
6. The large intestine comes next and is made up of the colon,
rectum, and the anus. These are the six major divisions of the alimentary tract.
The Accessory organs are the organs that are used to support digestion, but they do not directly play a part in the digestive system.
7. The liver is the largest body gland, and it receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract from the hepatic portal vein.
8. The gallbladder is attached to the liver, and it is used to store bile we use for digestion.
9. The pancreas is the last accessory organ. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions in the body.
Know the exocrine excretions and their functions.
ELLMMPS
a. Enterokinase is used to convert trypsinogen to trypsin and break down some proteins.
b. Lactase is used to break down the sugar lactose.
c. Lipase is used to break down the fatty acids.
d. Maltase is used to break down maltose to glucose.
e. Mucus is used to lubricate the passageways so that food can move more easily.
f. Peptidase or protease is used for the breakdown of some proteins.
g. Sucrase is used to break down sucrose to fructose and glucose.
Epithelial tissues are broken down into…
the squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
Squamous cells are thin and flat and may allow molecules to pass through easily.
Cuboidal cells are box-shaped and actively work to secrete and absorb materials.
Columnar cells are rectangular and typically in a basal layer.
