Ch. 2

Question 1

Regardless of the crime being investigated and the law enforcement officer acting as an investigator, all investigations must be carried out in a legal- as well as ____ __ _____ -manner.

Answer 1

Moral and ethical

Question 2

Laws that govern proper procedures for investigations in arresting suspects, searching crime scenes, and seizing property as evidence are referred to as _______ ________ ____.

Answer 2

Criminal procedural laws

Question 3

Investigators must be mindful of _____ ______ ____, which define the legal requirements that have to be met to determine whether a crime has been committed, and whether a given suspect is guilty or innocent of a specific criminal act.

Answer 3

Substantive criminal laws

Question 4

Four primary goals of carrying out a criminal investigation.

Answer 4

• To establish that a crime has been committed
• To gather evidence or proof of the crime
• To identify and arrest suspects
• To build a case for trial

Question 5

The first legal requirement that must be satisfied in order for a criminal investigation to proceed is determining the ____ ____ of a suspected criminal activity.

Answer 5

Corpus delicti

Question 6

These are factual requirements of a crime that must be demonstrated and supported by evidence obtained during the investigation.

Answer 6

Elements of the crime

Question 7

There are four levels of mental criminal responsibility that can be proven or disproven through investigative evidence.

Answer 7

Purposeful
Knowing
Reckless
Negligent

Question 8

An investigator must satisfy the requirements of ______ ______ to initiate the investigative process, and those of _____ _____ to conduct formal searches and arrests- barring exceptions established by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Answer 8

Reasonable Suspicion

Probable Cause

Question 9

_______ _______ exists when a particular situation would lead an officer to suspect that a crime is being committed, is about to be committed, or has already taken place.

Answer 9

Reasonable Suspicion

Question 10

The legal standard to arrest when an officer has a reasonable belief a crime has occurred and the accused has violated the elements of a certain crime.

Answer 10

Probable Cause

Question 11

Officers may use any and all legally relevant facts and observations that they have gained(including ____ from third parties) to justify their suspicions or beliefs regarding an alleged criminal offense or offender also known as _____ __ __ ______.

Answer 11

Hearsay

Totality of the Circumstances

Question 12

To justify the need for a warrant, the investigator must prepare a _____ __ ______ _____ outlining all the factual circumstances supporting the officer’s belief that the person, place, or thing is the target of the intended search is somehow related to a specific criminal activity.

Answer 12

Statement of probable cause

Question 13

According to rules of law outlined in ______ v ____ (1983), a search warrant can be issued only after a judge determine from the facts presented in the affidavit that the totality of the circumstances suggests the existence of probable cause.

Answer 13

Illinois v Gates

Question 14

As a general rule, descriptions in _____ ______ should provide enough detail to enable an officer with no knowledge of the case to effectively serve the warrant without encountering difficulties locating the place(s), recognizing the vehicle(s), or identifying the person(s) to be searched.

Answer 14

Search warrants

Question 15

_____ __ ____ warrants authorize law enforcement officers to enter private property without the permission or knowledge of its occupants and to search for (but not seize) evidence, and afterwards return with a proper search warrant.

Answer 15

Sneak and Peak

Question 16

The Forth amendment allows Warrantless Searches by law enforcement in certain situations, these include:

Answer 16

• Voluntary consent to search provided by the suspect
• exigent circumstances
• stop and frisk searches
• Search incident to arrest
• “Special circumstances” searches

Question 17

Stop and Frisk

It must also be remembered that the primary legal purpose of this type of search is _____ _____, not Suspicion alone.

Answer 17

Officer safety

Question 18

Regardless of whether the vehicle to be searched is motorized or not, so long as that vehicle is considered mobile, it falls within the ____ ____ _______ ____.

Answer 18

Motor vehicle exception rule

Question 19

Types of special circumstances searches:

Answer 19

• Open fields
• Abandoned property
• Probation/parole searches
• School searches
• Patriot Act searches

Question 20

The _____ ___ also allows for the use of special administrative subpoenas called ____ ____ ____,which require persons to provide private information for government investigations involving suspected terrorist activity.

Answer 20

Patriot Act

National Security Letters

Question 21

This ruling states that evidence secured by illegal means and in bad faith cannot be introduced in a criminal trial.

Answer 21

Exclusionary rule

Question 22

If evidence is obtained without a warrant and it is later determined that the evidence eventually would have been discovered as the result of a legal ongoing search, such evidence can be used in court against an accused suspect under the rule of ______ ______.

Answer 22

Inevitable discovery

Question 23

Good faith exceptions ______ be granted if officers improperly execute the search warrant, provide false information to the judge, or do not substantiate enough information on the search warrant to establish its legal validity.

Answer 23

Cannot

Question 24

Identifying and arresting suspects, three progressive levels of legal contact that they can make with such individuals:

Answer 24

• Consensual encounter
• Detention
• Arrest

Question 25

A law enforcement officer has no authority during a _____ _____ to search the person they are speaking with, unless either reasonable suspicion or probable cause is established at some point during the discussion.

Answer 25

Consensual contact

Question 26

The legal purpose of a _____ is to provide the officer an opportunity to ensure his or her own safety(as in a stop n frisk) and to briefly investigate the circumstances to determine whether a crime has been committed and, if so, whether the individual detained is somehow involved in its commission.

Answer 26

Detention

Question 27

What are the various forms of evidence investigators can use in preparation of a case:

Each of these forms of evidence can prove the facts of the case:

Answer 27

• Physical or “real” evidence
• Documentary evidence
• Testimonial evidence
• Direct evidence
• Circumstantial evidence
• Corroborative evidence
• Cumulative evidence