Ch. 2

Question 1

Burden of Proof

Answer 1

Obligation to present evidence to support ones claims.

Question 2

Falsifiable

Answer 2

Terms that are stated clearly and precisely allowing us to see what evidence would count against it.

Question 3

Parsimony

Answer 3

When given a list of theories the theory that is fewer, simpler, and more consistent is chosen over well stated facts.

Question 4

Correlation Study

Answer 4

A study that takes place between two variables where they are measured but not controlled by investigators.

Question 5

Independent Variable

Answer 5

Item in experiment that changes or controls.

Question 6

Dependent Variable

Answer 6

Item in experiment that is used to measure the extent of possibilities.

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

Degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used.

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

The extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure.

Question 9

Correlation

Answer 9

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

Question 10

Scientific Theory

Answer 10

An explanation or model that fits observations and makes valid predictions.

Question 11

Descriptive statistics

Answer 11

Statistical procedures that are used to summarize sets of scores which respect to central tendencies, variability, and correlation.

Question 12

Inferential statistics

Answer 12

Statistical procedures that allow researchers to determine weather the results they obtain support their hypothesis or can be attributed to chance variation.

Question 13

Probability Value

Answer 13

Probability that randomly generated results would resemble the observed results is less than 5% or 1%

Question 14

Variable

Answer 14

Anything that can be changed or controlled in an experiment.

Question 15

Naturalistic observations

Answer 15

Observing subject in natural environment

Question 16

Survey

Answer 16

Study of people’s beliefs based in questions, reactions, and answers.

Question 17

When will Phycology be needed?

Answer 17

Whenever one is dealing with a human or animal.

Question 18

Population

Answer 18

Is an entire group of individuals to be considered

Question 19

Convenience sample

Answer 19

A group chosen because of its ease of study

Question 20

Random sample

Answer 20

Every individual in population has a chance to be tested

Question 21

Cross-cultural sample

Answer 21

People in test from at least two cultures

Question 22

Experimenter bias

Answer 22

Tendency for experimenter to distort or mispercieve the results of experiment based on expected outcome.

Question 23

Blind observer

Answer 23

An observer who records data withought knowing researchers predictions.

Question 24

Demand characteristics

Answer 24

Cues participants of what is to be expected out of the test.

Question 25

Correlation coefficient

Answer 25

A mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables.

Question 26

Illusory correlation

Answer 26

An apparent relationship based on casual observations or unrelated or weakly related events.

Question 27

Experiment

Answer 27

Study where investigators manipulate at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable.

Question 28

Experimental group

Answer 28

Receives the treatment that an experiment is designed to test.

Question 29

Control group

Answer 29

A set of individuals treated the same as the experimental group except for how the actual test takes place.

Question 30

Descriptive statistics

Answer 30

Mathematical summaries of results

Question 31

Mean

Answer 31

Sum of all scores divided by the total number of all scores

Question 32

Normal distribution

Answer 32

A symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean

Question 33

Median

Answer 33

Arrangement of scores from highest to lowest in a test

Question 34

Mode

Answer 34

Score that occurs most frequently