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Lifespan > CH. 2 > Flashcards

CH. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Paul Baltes

A

Lifespan psychologist
-evolutionary selection
-culture
roe of Natural selection = decreases

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2
Q

Evolutionary selection benefits:

A

decrease with age

  • plays bigger role when younger
  • Ex: adolescence and emerging adulthood
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3
Q

Need for culture:

A

increases with age

  • when you get older
  • 70’s & 80’s yr. old
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4
Q

Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin

-more dominant are more likely to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Cultural Perspective

A

Ex: Sickle cell disease

  • generally described where red blood cells turn sickle shaped and clog arteries so people have difficulty breathing
  • recessive genetic disorder
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6
Q

Allele

A

1 form of gene pair

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7
Q

Bb

A 
B = brown hair, brown eyes
b = blonde hair, blue eyes
-Capital letter = dominant
-Lower case letter = recessive
heterozygous = 2 genes that are not identical
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8
Q

SCA - SCA

A

Homozygous = gene pair are the same
Sickle Cell Anemia
-most serious

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9
Q

R(RBC) - SCA

A

Heterozygous = 2 genes are not identical
Sickle Cell Trait
- milder
- incomplete dominance
Ex: People at higher altitudes can bring SCA into effect

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10
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A
  • twin studies

- studies of adopted kids

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11
Q

Twin studies

A

more complex

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12
Q

Adopted kids

A

IQ is a lot similar to biological parents

  • adopt before age of 2 to not cause serious problems for kids
  • environment helps adopted kids
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13
Q

Heritability Coefficient

A

applies to groups, not individuals, in a specific environment

  • used to explain how much of the variability(change) in a particular trait(IQ) is determined by hereditary
  • statistic
  • low self-esteem = not cause of juvenile delinquency
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14
Q

Dizygotic

A

Fraternal twins

-each egg gets different sperm

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15
Q

Monozygotic

A

Identical twins

  • twins where one egg cell gets same sperm
  • egg forms one and splits into two
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16
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup
+PKU = recessive genetic disorder
-never a perfect correspondent

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17
Q

PKU

A

Recessive genetic disorder

  • -Ex. of autosomal: 1 out of 22 pairs
  • -problem with metabolism
  • -accumulate a toxic substance
  • -success story
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18
Q

Phenotype

A

can be measured and visible
-ones physical, behavioral, and psychological features
-Ex: IQ score
Ex: Eye color

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19
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

most traits are complex are determined by a constellation of genes rather than by a single gene pair
-Poly = many —- Genic = genes
-Ex of shades of grey
Ex: height, weight, intelligence, personality
Ex: extroversion and introversion
–seratonin and dopamine affect depression

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20
Q

Correlation

A 
how 2 variables are related
-Heredity ---> Environment
-Examples:
\+Passive Environment 
\+Evocative Environment
\+Active (niche picking) Environment
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21
Q

Passive Environment

A

provide a rearing environment to child

  • dependent on parents
  • active
  • young children
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22
Q

Evoactive Environment

A

Evo = to bring out
Ex: When someone smiles at you and you smile back
-child characteristics elicit or draw experiences to them
——brings out responses in the environment

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23
Q

Active (niche picking) Environment

A

children seek out environments that are stimulating

Ex: Seek out experience, like sports, etc.

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24
Q

Epigenetic View

A

contrast
Hereditary Environment = bidirectional
multiply how heredity reacts with the environment
-Infancy = (+) and (-) environmental experiences can modify genetic activity

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25
Q

“Of a Potter”

A

Clay = genes

  • Sculpting = environment
  • depression = neurotransmitter relate
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26
Q

Shared Environment

A 
Ex: Big family meals at dinner time
-siblings common experiences:
\+same neighborhood, 
\+SES
\+schools
\+parents personalities
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27
Q

Nonshared Environment

A

sibling have very different experiences within and outside family
Examples:
+Moon and Sun
+One kid has energy, the other is reserved
+“black sheep” of family

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28
Q

Range of Reaction (Shade of Grey)

A

EACH PERSON responds to his or her environment in a UNIQUE way because of their genetic make-up
-beautiful visual image of a fan opening and closing
Ex: Geisha girl
%People with lower IQ will have a narrower range of reaction
%People with higher genetic makeup have highest range of reaction
%People in enriched Environment, IQ goes up

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29
Q

Canalization

A

opposite of R.R.

  • Heredity restricts the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes
  • Intelligence and personality are less strongly/not highly canalized
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30
Q

Examples of Canalization:

A

+Infants perceptual (much sharper 20/20 at year of age) and motor development
+Deep ditch of mud = motor skills / milestones –> walking and crawling
+If you’re stuck in a ditch, no way the environment is gonna get you out

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31
Q

Genetic Imprinting

A

(Imprinting) = normal process that effects gene
-depends if you inherit gene from mother or father
–happens to few genes
+maternal gene = active
+paternal gene = silenced

32
Q

Exapmples of Genetic Imprinting:

A

If goes badly, can cause growth disorder or cancer
+Wilms Tumor ( type of cancer)
+awry = badly

33
Q

Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA

A 
Broad --------> Microscopic 
\+ 1st 22 pair of chromosomes = autosomes 
\+23rd pair = sex linked
-XX = Female --> carries more genes
-XY = Male
34
Q

The Collaborative Gene

A

Ex: Cortisol

35
Q

Nucleus

A

command center

  • controls metabolism, growth, and reproduction
  • includes genetic blueprint
  • inside nucleus = chromosomes
36
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry the genes

  • colored bodies
  • contain biochemical substance DNA
  • carries the instruction for protein and enzyme production
  • humans have 46
  • larger ones at top, gets smaller as you go down
37
Q

Men

A

are more vulnerable to genetic disorder

38
Q

First 22 pairs of chromosomes

A

autosomes

39
Q

23rd pair chromosome

A

sex chromosomes

Ex: XX = female …. XY = male

40
Q

Genes

A

specific segment of DNA follow 1 another like the words in a very long sentence

41
Q

Human Genome Project

A

international effort to map & sequence the genes

42
Q

Allele

A

alternative forms of a gene that determine a particular traits
Ex: inherit 1 from mother, 1 from dad

43
Q

Homozygous alleles

A

the same

Ex: BB or bb

44
Q

Heterozygous alleles

A

differ

Ex: Bb or bB

45
Q

Carrier

A

an organism carries a gene for a trait or disorder
-potentially, while not expressing (manifesting = to display or show) the trait/disorder, is able to pass the trait on to offspring

46
Q

Dominant (D) Gene (Black & White)

A

dark hair
-wins out if conflicting information
Ex: Db

47
Q

Recessive (b) Gene

A

blond hair
bb = double recessive
-only exception = sex-linked inheritance, the person will have to inherit 2 alleles for a trait to manifest the trait
Ex: Xh - X —-> X can override effect Xh

48
Q

Traits

A

hair color, eye color, normal vs. color blindness

49
Q

Genetic Disorders: Dominant alleles

A

Ex: Huntington’s Chorea

50
Q

Genetic Disorders: Recessive alleles

A

more common = autosomal disorder —> found on one of 22 pairs = metabolic
Examples:
1.) Sickle-cell anemia
2.) PKU = screen new borns for
3.) Tay Sachs Disease = 1 out of 30 jews & dies by age 5 —> central nervous system deterioration —> where mental and physical growth slows way down

51
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

One allele doesn’t dominate the other completely

Ex: Sickle cell trait = RBC - SCA

52
Q

Too many, too few, or damaged chromosomes….

A

can lead to mental retardation or effect growth

-Ex: Down syndrome

53
Q

Autosomal Disorder:

A

Down syndrome or mongoloidism = too much of extra chromosome 21 that causes severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

54
Q

Sex Chromosomal Disorders:

A

-Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY = men —> below normal intelligence and usually tall—-> an extra X chromosome cause abnormalities
——-both chromosome 23——–
-Turner Syndrome XO = girls —> limited dev of secondary sex —> characteristics, difficulty in SPATIAL relations
Ex: video tape —> how short she was, usually sterile but can grow with therapy

55
Q

Mental Health Literacy

A

child or individual first who has autism

56
Q

Mitosis

A

nickname = cell replication —> repeating exact same #’s of chromosomes
Ex: nails grow, replace old tissue
-fertilized egg cell (zygote) undergoes mitotic division
Ex: the daughter cell will become exact copy of parent cell

57
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

-link to autism
an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment
-more males than females

58
Q

XXY Syndrome

A

an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height

  • same intellectual impact
  • usually tall
  • prisoners
59
Q

Hemophilia

A

delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

  • 1 in out of 10,000 males
  • recessive
  • sex-linked
60
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

  • dominant
  • genetic disorder
61
Q

PKU

A

metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes intellectual disability

  • recessive
  • Success Story ==> can stop by milk substitute diet at early age
62
Q

Meiosis

A

nickname = Reduction Division —> reduce number of chromosomes

  • unique to germ cells (sex cells)
  • leads to production of MATURE sperm and egg cells
  • involves sequence of divisions
63
Q

Meiosis: Product =

A

mature gametes = mature egg cell
-women = egg cell or ovum
-male = mature sperm cell
singled stranded chromosomes are produced

64
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

65
Q

Conception

A

when a single sperm cell unites with an ovum in a process called = fertilization

66
Q

Prenatal Development

A

lasts approx. 266 days

  • beginning with fertilization and ending with birth
  • further divided into 3 periods
  • 3 trimesters = 3 month segments
  • Gestational Age
  • Fullterm infant
  • Preterm infant
  • Posterm infant
67
Q

Gestational Age (GA)

A

how old you are in mother’s womb

  • 280 days = 40 weeks
  • 265 days = 38 weeks
68
Q

Fullterm Infant

A

38 to 40 weeks

69
Q

Preterm Infant

A

36 to 37 weeks

-premature = born too soon

70
Q

Posterm Infant

A

42 weeks or > = born on time

  • looks like a wise old man or woman
  • may induce labor if in womb too long
71
Q

NICU

A

neonatal intensive care unit

72
Q

Age of Viability

A

baby can survive outside mothers womb

Ex: up to 22 weeks can survive

73
Q

2 trends in prenatal development:

A
  1. ) Cephalocaudal development

2. ) Proximodistal development

74
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

cephalo = head ——— caudal = tail

- oversized head of baby ==> babies head more developed than body and legs

75
Q

Proximodistal development

A

proximo = near bye

  • works simultaneously (exacty the same)
  • baby controls = head control first, then sitting alone, then walking
76
Q

Period of the Zygote

A

also called = GERMINAL STAGE

  • 1st 2 weeks
  • begin the process of cell differentiation
  • Implantation

Lifespan (5 decks)

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