CH. 2 Flashcards
Paul Baltes
Lifespan psychologist
-evolutionary selection
-culture
roe of Natural selection = decreases
Evolutionary selection benefits:
decrease with age
- plays bigger role when younger
- Ex: adolescence and emerging adulthood
Need for culture:
increases with age
- when you get older
- 70’s & 80’s yr. old
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
-more dominant are more likely to survive and reproduce
Cultural Perspective
Ex: Sickle cell disease
- generally described where red blood cells turn sickle shaped and clog arteries so people have difficulty breathing
- recessive genetic disorder
Allele
1 form of gene pair
Bb
B = brown hair, brown eyes b = blonde hair, blue eyes -Capital letter = dominant -Lower case letter = recessive heterozygous = 2 genes that are not identical
SCA - SCA
Homozygous = gene pair are the same
Sickle Cell Anemia
-most serious
R(RBC) - SCA
Heterozygous = 2 genes are not identical
Sickle Cell Trait
- milder
- incomplete dominance
Ex: People at higher altitudes can bring SCA into effect
Behavioral Genetics
- twin studies
- studies of adopted kids
Twin studies
more complex
Adopted kids
IQ is a lot similar to biological parents
- adopt before age of 2 to not cause serious problems for kids
- environment helps adopted kids
Heritability Coefficient
applies to groups, not individuals, in a specific environment
- used to explain how much of the variability(change) in a particular trait(IQ) is determined by hereditary
- statistic
- low self-esteem = not cause of juvenile delinquency
Dizygotic
Fraternal twins
-each egg gets different sperm
Monozygotic
Identical twins
- twins where one egg cell gets same sperm
- egg forms one and splits into two
Genotype
genetic makeup
+PKU = recessive genetic disorder
-never a perfect correspondent
PKU
Recessive genetic disorder
- -Ex. of autosomal: 1 out of 22 pairs
- -problem with metabolism
- -accumulate a toxic substance
- -success story
Phenotype
can be measured and visible
-ones physical, behavioral, and psychological features
-Ex: IQ score
Ex: Eye color
Polygenic Inheritance
most traits are complex are determined by a constellation of genes rather than by a single gene pair
-Poly = many —- Genic = genes
-Ex of shades of grey
Ex: height, weight, intelligence, personality
Ex: extroversion and introversion
–seratonin and dopamine affect depression
Correlation
how 2 variables are related -Heredity ---> Environment -Examples: \+Passive Environment \+Evocative Environment \+Active (niche picking) Environment
Passive Environment
provide a rearing environment to child
- dependent on parents
- active
- young children
Evoactive Environment
Evo = to bring out
Ex: When someone smiles at you and you smile back
-child characteristics elicit or draw experiences to them
——brings out responses in the environment
Active (niche picking) Environment
children seek out environments that are stimulating
Ex: Seek out experience, like sports, etc.
Epigenetic View
contrast
Hereditary Environment = bidirectional
multiply how heredity reacts with the environment
-Infancy = (+) and (-) environmental experiences can modify genetic activity
“Of a Potter”
Clay = genes
- Sculpting = environment
- depression = neurotransmitter relate
Shared Environment
Ex: Big family meals at dinner time -siblings common experiences: \+same neighborhood, \+SES \+schools \+parents personalities
Nonshared Environment
sibling have very different experiences within and outside family
Examples:
+Moon and Sun
+One kid has energy, the other is reserved
+“black sheep” of family
Range of Reaction (Shade of Grey)
EACH PERSON responds to his or her environment in a UNIQUE way because of their genetic make-up
-beautiful visual image of a fan opening and closing
Ex: Geisha girl
%People with lower IQ will have a narrower range of reaction
%People with higher genetic makeup have highest range of reaction
%People in enriched Environment, IQ goes up
Canalization
opposite of R.R.
- Heredity restricts the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes
- Intelligence and personality are less strongly/not highly canalized
Examples of Canalization:
+Infants perceptual (much sharper 20/20 at year of age) and motor development
+Deep ditch of mud = motor skills / milestones –> walking and crawling
+If you’re stuck in a ditch, no way the environment is gonna get you out
Genetic Imprinting
(Imprinting) = normal process that effects gene
-depends if you inherit gene from mother or father
–happens to few genes
+maternal gene = active
+paternal gene = silenced
Exapmples of Genetic Imprinting:
If goes badly, can cause growth disorder or cancer
+Wilms Tumor ( type of cancer)
+awry = badly
Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Broad --------> Microscopic \+ 1st 22 pair of chromosomes = autosomes \+23rd pair = sex linked -XX = Female --> carries more genes -XY = Male
The Collaborative Gene
Ex: Cortisol
Nucleus
command center
- controls metabolism, growth, and reproduction
- includes genetic blueprint
- inside nucleus = chromosomes
Chromosomes
carry the genes
- colored bodies
- contain biochemical substance DNA
- carries the instruction for protein and enzyme production
- humans have 46
- larger ones at top, gets smaller as you go down
Men
are more vulnerable to genetic disorder
First 22 pairs of chromosomes
autosomes
23rd pair chromosome
sex chromosomes
Ex: XX = female …. XY = male
Genes
specific segment of DNA follow 1 another like the words in a very long sentence
Human Genome Project
international effort to map & sequence the genes
Allele
alternative forms of a gene that determine a particular traits
Ex: inherit 1 from mother, 1 from dad
Homozygous alleles
the same
Ex: BB or bb
Heterozygous alleles
differ
Ex: Bb or bB
Carrier
an organism carries a gene for a trait or disorder
-potentially, while not expressing (manifesting = to display or show) the trait/disorder, is able to pass the trait on to offspring
Dominant (D) Gene (Black & White)
dark hair
-wins out if conflicting information
Ex: Db
Recessive (b) Gene
blond hair
bb = double recessive
-only exception = sex-linked inheritance, the person will have to inherit 2 alleles for a trait to manifest the trait
Ex: Xh - X —-> X can override effect Xh
Traits
hair color, eye color, normal vs. color blindness
Genetic Disorders: Dominant alleles
Ex: Huntington’s Chorea
Genetic Disorders: Recessive alleles
more common = autosomal disorder —> found on one of 22 pairs = metabolic
Examples:
1.) Sickle-cell anemia
2.) PKU = screen new borns for
3.) Tay Sachs Disease = 1 out of 30 jews & dies by age 5 —> central nervous system deterioration —> where mental and physical growth slows way down
Incomplete dominance
One allele doesn’t dominate the other completely
Ex: Sickle cell trait = RBC - SCA
Too many, too few, or damaged chromosomes….
can lead to mental retardation or effect growth
-Ex: Down syndrome
Autosomal Disorder:
Down syndrome or mongoloidism = too much of extra chromosome 21 that causes severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
Sex Chromosomal Disorders:
-Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY = men —> below normal intelligence and usually tall—-> an extra X chromosome cause abnormalities
——-both chromosome 23——–
-Turner Syndrome XO = girls —> limited dev of secondary sex —> characteristics, difficulty in SPATIAL relations
Ex: video tape —> how short she was, usually sterile but can grow with therapy
Mental Health Literacy
child or individual first who has autism
Mitosis
nickname = cell replication —> repeating exact same #’s of chromosomes
Ex: nails grow, replace old tissue
-fertilized egg cell (zygote) undergoes mitotic division
Ex: the daughter cell will become exact copy of parent cell
Fragile X Syndrome
-link to autism
an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment
-more males than females
XXY Syndrome
an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height
- same intellectual impact
- usually tall
- prisoners
Hemophilia
delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
- 1 in out of 10,000 males
- recessive
- sex-linked
Huntingtons disease
central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
- dominant
- genetic disorder
PKU
metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes intellectual disability
- recessive
- Success Story ==> can stop by milk substitute diet at early age
Meiosis
nickname = Reduction Division —> reduce number of chromosomes
- unique to germ cells (sex cells)
- leads to production of MATURE sperm and egg cells
- involves sequence of divisions
Meiosis: Product =
mature gametes = mature egg cell
-women = egg cell or ovum
-male = mature sperm cell
singled stranded chromosomes are produced
Zygote
fertilized egg
Conception
when a single sperm cell unites with an ovum in a process called = fertilization
Prenatal Development
lasts approx. 266 days
- beginning with fertilization and ending with birth
- further divided into 3 periods
- 3 trimesters = 3 month segments
- Gestational Age
- Fullterm infant
- Preterm infant
- Posterm infant
Gestational Age (GA)
how old you are in mother’s womb
- 280 days = 40 weeks
- 265 days = 38 weeks
Fullterm Infant
38 to 40 weeks
Preterm Infant
36 to 37 weeks
-premature = born too soon
Posterm Infant
42 weeks or > = born on time
- looks like a wise old man or woman
- may induce labor if in womb too long
NICU
neonatal intensive care unit
Age of Viability
baby can survive outside mothers womb
Ex: up to 22 weeks can survive
2 trends in prenatal development:
- ) Cephalocaudal development
2. ) Proximodistal development
Cephalocaudal development
cephalo = head ——— caudal = tail
- oversized head of baby ==> babies head more developed than body and legs
Proximodistal development
proximo = near bye
- works simultaneously (exacty the same)
- baby controls = head control first, then sitting alone, then walking
Period of the Zygote
also called = GERMINAL STAGE
- 1st 2 weeks
- begin the process of cell differentiation
- Implantation
