Ch 2 Flashcards
What is the term applied to the science of the structure of the body?
Anatomy
Anatomy is a fundamental concept in the study of the human body and its components.
What is the study of the function of the body organs called?
Physiology
Physiology complements anatomy by explaining how the body parts work.
What is osteology?
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology is crucial for understanding skeletal structure and function.
What are the fundamental body planes?
- Sagittal
- Coronal
- Horizontal
- Oblique
These planes are used to describe the orientation of the body in anatomical terms.
What does the midsagittal plane divide?
The body into equal right and left halves
The midsagittal plane is a specific type of sagittal plane.
What is the midcoronal plane responsible for dividing?
The body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Also known as the midaxillary plane.
What are horizontal planes also known as?
- Transverse
- Axial
- Cross-sectional
These planes divide the body into superior and inferior portions.
What do oblique planes do?
Pass through a body part at any angle between the other three planes
Used in radiographic positioning to center a body part.
What are the two great cavities of the body?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal cavity
The abdominal cavity is often referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity.
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
- Pleural membranes
- Lungs
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Pericardium
- Heart and great vessels
These structures are vital for respiration and circulation.
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
- Peritoneum
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Spleen
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Major blood vessels
This cavity houses many digestive and excretory organs.
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
- Rectum
- Urinary bladder
- Part of the reproductive system
The pelvic cavity is important for both urinary and reproductive functions.
How is the abdomen divided?
- Quadrants
- Regions
Each method serves a different purpose in medical assessments.
List the four quadrants of the abdomen.
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Quadrants are useful for localizing abdominal organs.
What are the nine regions of the abdomen?
- Right hypochondrium
- Epigastrium
- Left hypochondrium
- Right lateral
- Umbilical
- Left lateral
- Right inguinal
- Hypogastrium
- Left inguinal
This division allows for more precise localization than quadrants.
What is body habitus?
Defined as the common variations in the shape of the human body
Body habitus affects organ placement and is important in radiographic positioning.
What are the four major types of body habitus?
- Sthenic
- Hyposthenic
- Asthenic
- Hypersthenic
Sthenic and hyposthenic are considered average body types.
What is one of the functions of bones?
- Attachment for muscles
- Mechanical basis for movement
- Protection of internal organs
- Support frame for body
- Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
- Production of red and white blood cells
These functions highlight the importance of the skeletal system.
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206
Bones are divided into two main groups: axial and appendicular.
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
- Axial skeleton (80 bones)
- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
The axial skeleton supports the head and trunk, while the appendicular skeleton facilitates movement.
What are the two types of bone tissue?
- Compact bone
- Spongy bone
Each type plays a different role in the structure and function of bones.
What is ossification?
The development and formation of bones
Ossification begins in the second month of embryonic life.
How are bones classified by shape?
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
Each bone type has distinct characteristics and functions.
What is the definition of arthrology?
The study of joints, or articulations, between bones
Understanding joints is essential for recognizing how bones interact.
What are the three subdivisions of joints based on mobility?
- Synarthroses = immovable
- Amphiarthroses = slightly movable
- Diarthroses = freely movable
This classification helps in understanding joint functionality.
What are fibrous joints?
Do not have a joint cavity and are united by fibrous connective tissues
Strongest joints in the body.
What is an example of a synovial joint?
Elbow joint
Synovial joints allow for a wide range of motion.
What is a gliding joint?
Simplest synovial joint that permits slight movement
Examples include intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
What is a hinge joint?
Permits flexion and extension only
Examples include elbow, knee, and ankle joints.
What is a pivot joint?
Allows rotation around a single axis
Example: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint).
What is an ellipsoid joint?
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Example: radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
What is a saddle joint?
Allows movement similar to ellipsoid; differs in the shape of the articular surfaces
Example: carpometacarpal joint.
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
Permits the widest range of motion
Examples include hip and shoulder joints.
Which joint classification is slightly movable?
Amphiarthroses
Which of the following is not a type of synovial joint: ellipsoid, syndesmosis, gliding, pivot?
Syndesmosis
What is a condyle?
Rounded process at an articular end
Examples include the ends of long bones.
Define ‘fissure’ in bone markings.
Cleft or deep groove
What is a foramen?
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
What is a fossa?
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
What is the term for a projecting prominence on a bone?
Protuberance
What does ‘proximal’ mean in anatomical terms?
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
What does ‘distal’ mean in anatomical terminology?
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
What is the meaning of ‘anterior’?
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
What does ‘posterior’ mean?
Back part of body or part
What is the difference between ‘medial’ and ‘lateral’?
‘Medial’ is toward the median plane, ‘lateral’ is away from the median plane.
What does ‘superficial’ mean?
Near the skin or surface
What is ‘hyperextension’?
Forced or excessive extension
What is ‘dorsiflexion’?
Flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg
What is ‘plantar flexion’?
Flexion or bending of the foot toward the sole
Identify the projection where CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior.
AP
What is the ‘supine’ position?
Lying on the back
What is the ‘prone’ position?
Lying face down
What is the ‘decubitus’ position?
Recumbent position with a horizontal CR
What does ‘abduct’ mean?
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body
What does ‘adduct’ mean?
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
What is ‘circumduction’?
Circular movement of a limb
What is the term for a turning away from the regular or standard course?
Deviation
What is ‘rotation’ in body movement terminology?
Turning of the body or part around its axis
What is the ‘Trendelenburg position’?
Supine with the head lower than the feet
What does ‘hyperflexion’ mean?
Forced overflexion
What is ‘tilt’ in body movement terminology?
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
What is the term for the covering of an organ?
Visceral
What is the term for parts on the same side of the body?
Ipsilateral
What is the term for parts on the opposite side of the body?
Contralateral
