Ch 2 Flashcards
Cell
Fundamental unit of all living things.
Contains a gelatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, and various materials.
Parts of a cell
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell membrane
Surrounds + protects the cell and regulates what passes into and out of it
Nucleus
Controls the operations of a cell. It directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell.
Chromosomes
Rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells (except sex cells) contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
Genes
Chromosomes contain genes. Each gene contains DNA. Dna codes direct the activities of the cell such as cell division and synthesis of proteins
Dna stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Karotype
Photograph of an individuals chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and number. Karyotyping can determine whether chromosome are normal.
Male vs female chromosomes
23rd pair is XY for males
23rd pair is XX for females
Cytoplasm
cyt/o =cell
plasm= formation
Includes all of the material outside of the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane. Carries on the work of the cell. Contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell
Mitochondria
Small sausaged shaped bodies that provide principal source of energy for the cell. They use nutrients and oxygen to release energy that is stored in food. During Catabolism, complex foods are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria. Catabolism provides energy for the cells to do the work of the body.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of canals within the cell. Cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell.
Ribosomes
Attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum. Builds long chains of proteins
Anabolism
Occurs on the Endoplasmic reticulum. The process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids. Hormones and enzymes are important proteins for cell growth
Anabolism and catabolism make up
The cell’s metabolism
Metabolism
The total of the chemical processes occurring in a cell.
Anabolic steroids
Similar to androgens (male hormones$ in their effects on the body. They build up protein within cells.
Metabolism and the thyroid gland
Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (thyroxine or T4), which stimulates metabolism in cells. Increased levels of hormone speed up metabolism (increased energy and weight loss) and decreased levels of hormone slow down metabolism (sluggishness and weight gain)
Muscle cell
Long slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
Epithelial cell
(A lining and skin cell) may be square and flat to provide protection
A nerve cell
May be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses
A fat cell
Contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.
Tissues
A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job.
Histologist
(Hist/o =tissue)
A scientist that specializes in the study of tissues.
Epithelial tissue
Forms the linings of internal organs, and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. Lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce.
All tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs.
Voluntary muscle
Found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control
Involuntary muscle
Found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle
A specialized type of muscle found only in the heart. Contractions can be seen as a beating heart
Nerve tissue
Conducts impulses all over the body
Organs
Different types of tissues combine to form an organ.
Viscera
Singular ;viscus
Internal organs
Abdominal viscera
Are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder
Systems
Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
Digestive system
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small + large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Urinary or excretory system
Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)
Respiratory system
Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)
Reproductive system
Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands
Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
Endocrine system
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituaitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves
Circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland)
Musculoskeletal system
Muscles, bones, and joints
Skin and sense organs system
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
Adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints. Cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea
Epithelial cells
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs
Larynx
Voice box; located above the trachea
Pharynx
Throat
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain
Thyroid gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain
Trachea
Windpipe
Body cavity
Space within the body that contains internal organs (viscera)
Cranial
Brain, pituitary gland
Thoracic
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)
2 smaller cavities;
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pleural cavity
Space surrounding each lung.
Double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. If inflamed the pleural cavity may fill with liquid, this is called pleural effusion
Mediastinum
Centrally located space outside and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
Pelvic
Portions of the small and large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters and vagina
Spinal
Nerves if the spinal cord
Dorsal (back) body cavities
Cranial and spinal
Ventral(belly) cavities
(Anterior)
The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Diaphragm
Separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
Abdominalpelvic cavity
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
Adipose
Pertaining to fat tissue
Inguinal
Pertaining to the groin
Karyotype
Picture of chromosomes in the cell nucleus
Viscer
Pertaining to internal organs
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left portions
Transversal plane
Divides the plane into upper and lower portions
