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Research Methods in Psych > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Comparison Group

A

allows us to compare what would happen with and without a variable/ thing we’re interested in

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2
Q

Confounds

A

alternative explanations for an outcome

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3
Q

How does a research setting reduce possibility of confounds?

A
  • can test one outcome at a time

increases internal validity

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4
Q

Confederate

A

appears to be a willing participant of a study but is an actor working with the experimenters

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5
Q

Probabilistic

A
  • findings aren’t expected to explain all cases all the time (there are exceptions)
  • findings only meant to explain certain proportion of possible cases
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6
Q

What are the different types of biases?

A
  • being swayed by a good story
  • availability heuristic
  • biased blind spot
  • confirmation bias
  • present/present
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7
Q

availability heuristic

A

things that easily come to mind guide our thinking, especially if its vivid, recent, or memorable

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8
Q

example of availability heuristic

A

shark attacks are less likely than bathtub deaths

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9
Q

example of being swayed by a good story

A

“bottling up” emotions- biographers thing freud was inspired by metaphor of steam engine

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10
Q

present/present bias

A

we notice what is present and fail to look for absences

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11
Q

example of present/present bias

A

bloodletting: focusing on those who DID get bloodletting and DID recover,

not those who DIDN’T recover, or those who weren’t bloodlet that DID or DIDN’T recover

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12
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

focusing on evidence that supports what we already believe

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13
Q

example of confirmation bias

A

IQ scores: those told IQ was high spent more time on articles supporting IQ tests,

while those w/ low scores looked at articles that criticize them

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14
Q

Bias Blindspot

A

the belief we are less likely than others to fall prey to bias

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15
Q

example of bias blindspot

A

airport travelers: most said the average American is more biased than them

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16
Q

Why isn’t all research equally reliable?

A
  • could be poorly conducted

- research cited may not appropriately support argument

17
Q

What do empirical journal articles report

A

report the method and results of a research study, usually for the first time

18
Q

Review journal articles

A

Provide summary of all published studies done in one research area

19
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Quantitative technique to combine results of many studies statistically

20
Q

magnitude

A

effect size

a meta-analysis summarizes the EFFECT SIZE of a relationship

21
Q

Edited Books

A

collection of chapters on a topic, each written by a different contributor

22
Q

PsycINFO

A
  • online scientific source compilation maintained by American Psych Association
  • searches only sources in psych and related fields
23
Q

Google Scholar

A

online source compilation of empirical articles of all disciplines

24
Q

What are the parts (in order) of a journal article?

A
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
25
Q

Abstract

A

a summary of the article that briefly describes:

  • hypothesis
  • method
  • major results
26
Q

Introduction

A

1) explains the topic of study
2) research background
3) research goals

27
Q

what information can you find in the “research background” section of the introduction

A
  • what is the theory being tested
  • past studies’ results
  • why important
28
Q

what information can you find in the “research goals” section of the introduction

A
  • research questions

- hypothesis

29
Q

Method

A

how researchers conducted the study

30
Q

Subsections of Method

A
  • participants
  • materials
  • procedure
31
Q

Results

A
  • contains statistics used to analyze data

- and the quantitative or qualitative (as relevant) results of the study

32
Q

Discussion

A

1) summarizes study
- did it support the hypothesis?

2) discusses
- importance
- alternative explanations

33
Q

what order should you read an article in

A
  • abstract
  • end of intro (for goals + hypothesis)
  • rest of intro
  • discussion, 1st paragraph (for results + relation to hypothesis)
  • method and results ( for more info on evidence)
34
Q

what should you ask of empirical journal articles and review articles?

A
  • what is the argument?

- what is the evidence?

35
Q

how should you approach review articles? What is the evidence?

A
  • read the headings
  • usually whole theory is presented
  • the evidence is the research the author reviews
36
Q

what are the issues with wikipedia?

A
  • not comprehensive
  • can have errors
  • references can be idiosyncratic
  • don’t know who contributed
37
Q

what are some non-academic sources?

A
  • retail bookshelves
  • wikis
  • popular press
38
Q

what is a bad sign in terms of references?

A

few notes/ citations

Research Methods in Psych (14 decks)

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