Ch 19: Descent w Modification

Question 1

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle, several biologists had proposed what?

Answer 1

that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change

Question 2

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________.

Answer 2

the binomial classification system; thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

Question 3

The hypothesis that whales evolved from land-dwelling ancestors is supported by __________.

Answer 3

fossils of extinct whales that had increasingly reduced hind limbs

Question 4

To Cuvier, the differences in fossils from different strata were evidence for __________.

Answer 4

local catastrophic events such as droughts or floods

Question 5

How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs?

Answer 5

Some members of the bacteria population must have had genes that made them resistant to antibiotics, and these genes became more prevalent in subsequent generations.

Question 6

Darwin originally defined evolution as __________.

Answer 6

descent with modification

Question 7

According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, anatomical and molecular homologies should __________.

Answer 7

indicate similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness

Question 8

The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________.

Answer 8

population

Question 9

All of the following influenced Darwin as he synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection except _________.

Answer 9

Mendel’s paper in which he described his “laws of inheritance”

Question 10

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Based on the principles of evolution by natural selection, which of the following would be most likely?

Answer 10

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Answer 11

Similarities between the marsupial Tasmanian wolf and the eutherian North American wolf

Question 12

When cytochrome c molecules are compared, yeasts and molds are found to differ by approximately 46 amino acids per 100 residues (amino acids in the protein); insects and vertebrates are found to differ by 29 amino acids per 100 residues. What can one conclude from these data?

Answer 12

Insects and vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor more recently than did yeasts and molds.

Question 13

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus’s essay on human suffering?

Answer 13

Organisms have the capacity to overreproduce.

Question 14

What did Darwin observe about species on islands?

Answer 14

They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands.

Question 15

All known organisms appear to translate genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________.

Answer 15

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

Question 16

Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism __________.

Answer 16

strongly influenced Darwin’s view of how living organisms could change over time

Question 17

The remnants of pelvic and leg bones in a snake __________.

Answer 17

are vestigial structures

Question 18

Which of the following points is not considered part of the process of natural selection?

Answer 18

Many adaptive traits may be acquired during an individual’s lifetime and passed on to that individual’s offspring.

Question 19

The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of __________.

Answer 19

Aristotle

Question 20

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth’s history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of __________.

Answer 20

Cuvier

Question 21

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth’s plants and animals held that the various species __________.

Answer 21

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

Question 22

When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that __________.

Answer 22

larger portions of the mosquito populations today are descendants of individuals that were insecticide-resistant

Question 23

Which of the following statements concerning the direct observation of evolution is most correct?

Answer 23

There are extremely numerous examples where evolution can be directly observed, and these observations provide strong support for the idea of natural selection.

Question 24

To describe evolution as a “scientific theory” means that __________.

Answer 24

it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence

Question 25

During periods of rapid environmental change, what can happen to a species that was well suited to the former environment?

Answer 25

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question 26

A process where Humans modify other species over generations through
selective breeding of individuals with desired traits

Answer 26

artificial selection

Question 27

Darwin drew two inferences from two observations
* Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in ________

Answer 27

their inherited traits

Question 28

Darwin’s Observation #2: All species can produce _____ offspring
than the environment can support; many of these
offspring _____to survive and reproduce

Answer 28

more , fail

Question 29

Darwin’s Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give
them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in
a given environment tend to _______?

Answer 29

leave more offspring than
other individuals

Question 30

Darwin’s Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to
survive and reproduce will lead to _____?

Answer 30

the accumulation of
favorable traits in the population over generations

Question 31

Which evolves over time? Populations or Individuals

Answer 31

Populations

Question 32

The four types of data that document the pattern of
evolution and illuminate how it occurs

Answer 32

– Direct observations
– Homology
– The fossil record
– Biogeography

Question 33

anatomical resemblances
that represent variations on a structural theme present in
a common ancestor
[picture of several animal’s arms w/ same bones]

Answer 33

Homologous structures

Question 34

Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies
not visible in adult organisms, meaning you can usually see homologous structures more in _____ than in adults?

Answer 34

embryos

Question 35

the evolution of similar, or
analogous, features in distantly related groups

Answer 35

Convergent evolution

Question 36

the scientific study of the geographic
distribution of species

Answer 36

Biogeography

Question 37

found
nowhere else in the world

Answer 37

endemic