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Biology 190 > Ch 14: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Ch 14: Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is a stop codon?

A

UGA

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2
Q

Which of the following is not a post-translational modification that might be required of a protein before it becomes functional in a cell?

A

All of the listed responses are post-translational modifications required of some proteins.

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3
Q

Which binding site on a ribosome holds a tRNA attached to a growing polypeptide chain?

A

P site

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4
Q

Which of the following is true of RNA processing?

A

Assemblies of protein and small RNAs, called spliceosomes, may catalyze splicing.

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5
Q

The type of mutation responsible for sickle-cell anemia is __________.

A

both a point mutation and a nucleotide-pair substitution

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6
Q

Which of the following is not transcribed from DNA?

A

Promoter

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7
Q

Which of the following is true of transcription factors?

A

All of the listed responses are correct.

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8
Q

A nucleotide deletion early in the coding sequence of a gene would most likely result in __________.

A

All of the listed choices are correct.

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9
Q

Transcription involves the transfer of information from __________.

A

DNA to RNA

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10
Q

Transfer RNA binds to what?

A

its specific amino acid in the active site of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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11
Q

A stretch of bacterial DNA 600 nucleotides long can code at most for a polypeptide of how many amino acids?

A

200

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12
Q

RNA polymerase moves along which strand of DNA and elongates RNA in which direction?

A

moves along the template strand of DNA, elongating an RNA molecule in a 5′ → 3′ direction

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13
Q

A ribozyme is __________.

A

an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme

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14
Q

A series of studies on mutants of Neurospora identified three classes of mutants that needed arginine added to minimal media in order to grow. The production of arginine includes the following steps: precursor → ornithine → citrulline → arginine. What nutrient(s) have to be supplied to the mutants that had a defective enzyme for the ornithine → citrulline step in order to grow?

A

Citrulline

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15
Q

Which of the following is not part of the translation initiation complex?

A

TATA box

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16
Q

A signal peptide is __________.

A

the first 20 or so amino acids of a protein destined for a membrane location or for secretion from the cell

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17
Q

How is the template strand for a particular gene determined?

A

It is established by the presence of the promoter.

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18
Q

If the 5′ → 3′ nucleotide sequence on the nontemplate DNA strand is CAT, what is the corresponding codon on mRNA?

A

CAU

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19
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes tRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

The energy required for assembly of a polypeptide by a ribosome comes directly from __________.

A

GTP

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21
Q

There are how many types of bacterial RNA polymerase?

A

One

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22
Q

Which of the following is transcribed and then translated to form a protein product?

A

A gene for a transcription factor

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23
Q

Which of the following is not involved in the formation of a eukaryotic transcription initiation complex?

A

Small RNA molecules

24
Q

Which of the following would not be found in a bacterial cell?

A

Small RNAs in spliceosome

25
Q

Which of the following individuals was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes?

A

Archibald Garrod

26
Q

Holds the tRNA that carries the growing
polypeptide chain

A

P site

27
Q

The three stages of translation

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
28
Q

elongation factors occurs in what three steps:

A

codon recognition, peptide
bond formation, and translocation

29
Q

Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion are
marked by a _______, which targets the protein to
the ER

A

signal peptide

30
Q

Binds to the signal
peptide

A

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

31
Q

Holds the tRNA that carries the next amino
acid to be added to the chain

A

A site

32
Q

The exit site, where discharged tRNA’s
leave the ribosome

A

E site

33
Q

Can eukaryotes use coupled transcription and translation at the same time? Why or Why not?

A

No. Because eukaryotes have transcription happen in the nucleus and translation happens in the cytoplasm

34
Q

Changes in the genetic material of a cell

A

Mutations

35
Q

Are frame shift or point mutations worse?

A

Frame shift mutations

36
Q

Chemical changes in just one
nucleotide pair of a gene

A

Point mutations

37
Q

have no effect on the amino acid
produced by a codon because of redundancy in the
genetic code

A

Silent mutations

38
Q

change one amino acid to another

A

Missense mutations

39
Q

change an amino acid codon into
a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional
protein

A

Nonsense mutations

40
Q

an Insertion or deletion of nucleotides that may alter the reading frame of the genetic message (changes the whole thing)

A

frameshift
mutation

41
Q

physical or chemical agents that can
cause mutations

A

Mutagens

42
Q

– A discrete unit of inheritance
– A region of specific nucleotide sequence in a
chromosome
– A DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide
chain

A

Gene

43
Q

an infectious particle consisting of little more
than genes packaged into a protein coat

A

virus

44
Q

may consist of either
– Double- or single-stranded DNA, or
– Double- or single-stranded RNA

A

Viral genomes

45
Q

a phage replicative cycle that
culminates in the death of the host cell
and produces new phages and lyses (breaks
open) the host’s cell wall, releasing the progeny viruses

A

lytic cycle

46
Q

replicates the phage genome
without destroying the host

A

lysogenic cycle

47
Q

Phage DNA is often identified as foreign and cut up by ____?

A

restriction enzymes

48
Q

system consists of clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats and nuclease
enzymes called Cas, CRISPR-associated proteins

A

CRISPR-Cas

49
Q

the major medical tool for preventing viral
infections, a harmless derivative of a pathogen that
stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against
the harmful pathogen

A

Vaccines

50
Q

general outbreak

A

epidemic

51
Q

global epidemic

A

pandemic

52
Q

Proteins that are known to be
infectious and appear to cause a number of degenerative brain
diseases in various animal species. They can be transmitted in food and act very slowly, with an incubation period of at
least 10 years. They are also virtually indestructable

A

prions

53
Q

the study of fossils

A

Paleontology

54
Q

a process in which individuals with
favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce

A

Natural selection

55
Q

Descent with modification by natural selection explains
three broad observations about nature

A
  • The unity of life
  • The diversity of life
  • The ways that organisms are suited for life in their
    environments

Biology 190 (16 decks)

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