Ch 16: Solutions Flashcards
The ____________ of the solvent and the solute determine whether a substance will dissolve.
compositions
What three things will determine how fast a substance will dissolve?
- Stirring (agitation)
- Temperature
- Particle size
To determine to the saturation of a solution, what do you do?
Add more solute.
Saturation–add more solute: dissolves.
Unsaturated
Saturation–add more solute: doesn’t dissolve.
Saturated
Saturation–add more solute: triggers a reaction.
Supersaturated
What has happened when equilibrium is reached and can’t hold anymore in amount of solvent at current temperature?
Saturated solution
Solubility is often expressed in _____ of solute per _____ of solvent.
grams
100g
What has happened when a solution can hold more solute at that temperature?
Unsaturated solution
What affects the solubility of solids, liquids, and gaseous solutes in a solvent?
Temperature
What two things affect the solubility of gaseous solutes?
Temperature and pressure
What has happened when there are more solute particles than the solvent can hold with stability; it is unstable?
Supersaturated solution
What does “like dissolves like” mean?
Polar dissolves polar and nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.
What is S1 / P1 = S2 / P2?
Henry’s law
What is Henry’s law?
S1 / P1 = S2 / P2
There is no universal ________ _______, like there is for polar solutions (water).
Nonpolar solvent
Concentration Affects Properties: the solution freezes at a _____ temperature than the _______.
lower
solvent
Concentration Affects Properties: lowers the ________ _____.
freezing point
Concentration Affects Properties: the ____ concentrated, the more the freezing point is ________.
more
reduced
What has happened when there is less solvent than concentrated (more solvent)?
Dilute
What have relatively large amounts of acids?
Concentrated solutions
What have relative amounts of solvent and solute?
Concentrated solutions
How is molarity related to concentration?
The higher the molarity, the more concentration.
How do you calculate the molarity of a solution?
Moles of solute / liters of solution
What does moles of solute / liters of solution equal?
Molarity (M)
Diluting a solution _______ the number of moles of solute per ____ ______, but the total number of moles of solute in solution ____ ___ ______.
reduces
unit volume
does not change
What is M1 X V1 = M2 X V2?
Moles of solute
In what two ways can the concentration of a solution in percent be expressed?
- As the ratio of the volume of the solute to the volume of the solution.
- As the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution.
What properties of a solvent change when mixed with a solute?
Physical
Physical property changes depend only on what?
The concentration of the solute, not the type of solute.
What interferes with vaporization and crystallization?
Intermolecular attractions between solute and solvent particles.
What are three important colligative properties of solutions?
- Vapor-pressure lowering
- Boiling-point elevation
- Freezing-point depression
Solution stays liquid over a wider temperature range when ______ is added.
Solute
When solute is added, the solution freezes at a _____ temperature.
lower
When solute is added, the solution boils at a ______ temperature.
higher
The decrease in a solution’s vapor pressure is ____________ to the number of particles the ______ makes in a solution.
proportional
solute
The magnitude of the freezing-point depression is ____________ to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent and does not depend upon their ________.
proportional
identity
The magnitude of the boiling-point elevation is proportional to the number of ______ particles dissolved in the _______.
solute
solvent
The ____ ________ and ____ _________ are two additional ways is which chemists express the concentration of a solution.
unit molality
mole fractions
What is a ratio of solute to solvent?
Molality
Solute to solvent is more precise than ________; used to calculate __ elevation and __ depression.
molarity
bp
fp
What is moles of solute / kilogram of solvent?
Molality
What is the formula for molality?
moles of solute / kilogram of solvent
What is XA =nA / nA + nB XB = nB / nA + nB?
Mole fraction
The magnitudes of the freezing-point depression and the boiling-point elevation are directly proportional to the _____ concentration, when the solute is _________, not _____.
molal
molecular
ionic
What is Kf for the freezing-depression of water?
1.86°C
What is the Kb for the boiling-elevation of water?
0.52°C
What is the formula for freezing-point depression?
∆Tf = Kf X m
What is the formula for boiling-point elevation?
∆Tb = Kb X m
