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PSYC 1005 > CH 16- Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

CH 16- Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q
A

scientific study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

The 4 Ds

A

D— behaviour, thoughts, or emotions are unusual
D— to the person or close others
D— interference with daily functioning
D— most people with disorders are not a danger to themselves or others, but people who put themselves or others at risk may have a disorder

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3
Q

International Classification of Disease (ICD)

A

system used by most countries to classify psychological disorders

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4
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DIsorders (DSM-IV-TR)

A
  • manual used to detect mental disorders in North America

- provides a list of symptoms for all 400 mental disorders

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5
Q
A

identifying a disorder by its symptoms and other evidence

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6
Q
A

two or more disorders are present

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7
Q

5 Dimensions or Axes of DSM-IV-TR

A
  1. detailed criteria for the principle disorders
  2. criteria relating to longer term disorders (personality, learning)
  3. any medical or neurological problems that may be important in relation to current or past psychiatric problems
  4. records any recent major psychological social stressor (divorce, death)
  5. point detailed general functioning scale that the clinician uses to assess the clients’s current level of functioning, as well as his highest level of functioning in the past
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8
Q

Depression

A

low, sad state in which people feel overwhelmed

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9
Q

Mania

A

Elation an frenzied energy (bipolar disorder)

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10
Q

Major Depressive disorder

A

characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs and a general medical condition

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11
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

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12
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Symtoms

A

emotional- depressed mood
Motivational- loss of desire to do usual activities, lack of drive
behavioural- less active and productive, may move and speak slowly or seem physically agitated
Cognitive- negative self-evaluation, self-blame, pessimism, guilt, suicide
physical- headaches, indigestion, dizzy spells, pain, fatigue

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13
Q

Explanations for Major Depressive Disorders

A 
Neuroscientists
-genetic predisposition
-high cortisol
Socio-cultural theorists 
-social support
-stressors 
Cognitive-behaviour theorists
- learned helplessness
- attributions-global, stable, internal causes
negative thinking / dysfunctional attitudes
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14
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

extreme highs and lows
Mania- inappropriate, dramatic positive mood
-emotional - powerful highs and lows
-motivational - seek excitement and companionship
-behavioural - may more and speak quickly
-cognitive - poor judgement and planning, optimism, grandiosity
- physical - energetic, require little sleep

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15
Q

Explanations for Bipolar Disorder

A

Neuroscientists

  • Gene Abnormalities
  • Irregularities in ions that allow neurones to communicate
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16
Q

Anxiety Disorders- Features

A
  • disabling levels of fears or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered
  • most people with one anxiety disorder experience another one as well
  • anxiety under most life circumstances; diffuse worry
  • restlessness, edginess, easily tired
  • difficulty concentration
  • sleep problems
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17
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder- Features

A
  • often begins in late childhood
  • severe, persistent fear or embarrassment in social situations
  • fear of talking in public
  • general fear of functioning poorly in front of others
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18
Q

Explanations for Social Anxiety Disorder

A

cognitive-behaviour theorists

  • unrealistic high social standards
  • view oneself as socially unattractive
  • social unskilled
  • belief that one is in danger of behaving clumsily
  • expects negative consequences for clumsy behaviour
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19
Q

Phobias

A

Features- persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity or situation
Explanations- classically conditioned fear, avoidance behaviour are reinforced through operant conditioning

20
Q

Panic Disorder- Features

A
  • Panic attack- periodic sudden bouts of panic
  • changed in thinking or behaviour
  • may interpret panic attack for a medical emergence
21
Q

Explanations for Panic Disorder

A
  • Malfunctioning brain circuit and excess norepinephrine

- misinterpretation of bodily sensation

22
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- Features

A
  • obsessions - persistent unwanted thoughts (wishes, impulses, doubts)
  • Compulsive - repetitive, rigid behaviours or mental acts
  • —— - diagnosed when obsessions or compulsions are severe, viewed by the person as excessive or unreasonable, cause great distress, consume considerable time, interfere with daily functions
23
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- Explanations

A

Neuroscientists

  • low serotonin activity
  • overactive orbitofrontal cortex and caudate Nuclei
  • Cingulate cortex and hypothalamus activates the OCD impulses
24
Q

Post traumatic Stress Disorder- Features

A
  • persistant depression, anxiety after a traumatic event
  • hyperawareness
  • easily startled
  • sleep disturbance
  • guilt, anxiety, depression, low concentration
25
Q

Post traumatic Stress Disorder- Explanations

A
  • increased cortisol and norepinephrine
  • damaged hippocampus, amygdala
  • external locus of control, anxiety
  • poverty, family history, negative experiences
  • social and family support
  • cultural factors
26
Q

Schizophrenia

A
27
Q

Schizophrenia- Features

A 
Positive 
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganized 
-inappropriate affect 
Negative
-poverty of speech
-flat affect
-loss of volition
-social withdrawal
28
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

the mail symptom in this type are delusions and possibly auditory hallucinations
- there is no thought disorder and the delusions centre on being persecute or jealousy

29
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

the combination of disordered thoughts and flat affect

30
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

immobility or by agitated, purposeless movements

31
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

symptoms of Schizophrenia are present but not in a combination that allows for categories

32
Q

Residual Schizophrenia

A

symptoms are present but at a low level of intensity

33
Q

Schizophrenia- Explanations

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • biochemical abnormalities - excessive -dopamine activity
  • brain structures - enlarged ventricles, small temporal lobe and frontal lobe, –structural abnormalities of the -hippocampus and amygdala and thalamus
  • biological predisposition plus negative event
34
Q

Samatoform Disorder

A

Physical complaint that is psychological in origin

35
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

conflict or need converted into physical symptoms; paralysis, blindness, loss of feeling

36
Q

Somatization Disorder

A

long-term physical ailments that have no organic basis; pain, neurological, gastrointestinal

37
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

interpret bodily symptoms as signs of a serious illness

38
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance

39
Q

Somatoform Disorder- Explanation

A
  • Classical conditioning and modelling

- Misinterpretation of bodily cues

40
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

Major disruptions in memory without a clear physical cause

41
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

unable to remember important information about a traumatic event; wartime natural disaster

42
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

forget one’s personal identity and flee

43
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

two or more distinct personalities

44
Q

Dissociative Disorder- Explanations

A
  • Psychodynamic theorists- repression

- neuroscience- smaller hippocampus and amygdala, changes in the level of activity int he sensory cortex

45
Q

Personality Disorder

A

rigid patterns of experience and behaviour causing distress or difficulty

46
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

-Disregards and violates the rights of others, impulsive, reckless, self-centred; linked to criminal behaviour

47
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

unstable mood, self-image, high violent

PSYC 1005 (5 decks)

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