Ch 13- Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

the unique characteristics that account for all patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour

• collection of thoughts and beliefs
• varies from one individual to another

Question 2

historic perspective on personality

Answer 2

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Question 3

Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 3

Freud and others shared the same view- personality and — is shaped by interacting or — underlying forces
Based on his clinical practice be decided that people are influenced by their “—-“
-developed — -type of therapy based on this theory of discovering one’s unconscious
-one of the first to state that the parent-child relationship influences how people feel about themselves and how they handle intimacy as adults

Question 4

Personality is based on 3 levels of —-

Answer 4

1. • the thought and — that we are aware of at any given moment
2. • holds memories or feeling that we aren’t consciously thinking about, but can be brought to consciousness
3. • holds memories or feelings that are so unpleasant or anxiety provoking that they are repressed

Question 5

3 foces in Personality

Answer 5

1. — basic instinctual drives
2. — rational thoughts, develops due to learning
3. — moral limits, develops during childhood

Question 6

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 6

1. Oral(0-18months)- dependent on pleasures fo mouth and on mother
2. Anal(18months-3years)- excessive neatness, stubbornness, stingy, controlling
3. Phallic(3-6yrs)- Sexual role rigidity or confusion
4. Latency(6-puberty)- no fixations for this stage
5. Genital(puberty-adult)- Sexual dysfunction and unsatisfactory relationships

Question 7

Defence Mechanisms

Answer 7

unconscious tactics to protect us from anxiety and internal conflict by dealing with id impulses

Question 8

Trait Theories- Strength:

Answer 8

• traits become increasingly stable across the adult years
• relatively stable across many situations and cultures
• traits predict other personal attributes and often other behaviours
• there appears to be a strong genetic contribution to personality traits

Question 9

Trait Theories- Criticism:

Answer 9

• Oversimplify personality

- portray personality as fixes rather than changing

Question 10

Situationalism

Answer 10

behaviour is governed by situation rather than internal traits

Question 11

Interactionalism

Answer 11

emphasizes the relationship between a person’s underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of the situations in which people choose to put themselves

Question 12

Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

Answer 12

• exists among environmental, behavioural and internal mental events
• self-efficacy people’s personal beliefs about their ability to achieve the goals they pursue
• advantage- these variables are testable

Question 13

do genetics contribute to personality?

Answer 13

• separate genetics and environment
• genes are more important than shared environment in development of temperament and traits
• some behaviour tendencies and addictions have genetic components
• environmental experiences may affect the development of psychotic illness in individuals with a genetic predisposition

Question 14

Phrenology

Answer 14

evaluate mental and moral qualities by examining skull skull shape

Question 15

Amygdala

Answer 15

• emotionality, motivation, processing negative stimuli

- inhabited children may have an easily activated amygdala in unfamiliar situations, which activates fear and shyness

Question 16

Hemisphere Dominance

Answer 16

• people with right hemisphere dominance experience increased sadness, inhibition, withdrawal
• people with left hemisphere dominance have more positive emotional and traits such as extraversion

Question 17

Neurotransmitter Activity- Dopamine

Answer 17

high levels=positive emotions, high energy

low levels= anxiety, inhibition, low energy

Question 18

Neurotransmitter Activity-Serotonin

Answer 18

low levels=depression violence, impulsivity

Question 19

Neurotransmitter Activity-Cortisol

Answer 19

High levels=inhibition