CH 14 Social Psychology

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

• understand, explain and predict how people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others
• “its is not as much the kindof person a man is, as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act”

Question 2

Social Cognition

Answer 2

how people perceive, interpret, and categorize their own and others’ social behaviour

Question 3

Social Cognitions Attitudes

Answer 3

relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people

Question 4

Social Cognition- ABC model of Attitudes

Answer 4

Affective- how we feel towards the object
Behavioural- how we behave toward the object
Cognitive- what we believe about the object

Question 5

Attitude Socialization

Answer 5

• beliefs developed early by parents, peers, media, and teachers
• Behaviours change to justify new behaviours

Question 6

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 6

• emotional discomfort as a result of holding contradictory beliefs or holding a belief that contradicts behaviour
• we change our beliefs to justify (or match) our actions

Question 7

Self Perception Theory

Answer 7

• when uncertain, we infer what our attitudes are by observing our own behaviours
• example - “I have voted conservative in the last three elections therefore I must be conservative

Answer 8

the more specific an attitude the more likely it is to predict behaviour

• Attitudes often change behaviours because people expected attitudes
  - would your tell the truth if your doctor asked you how much alcohol you consumed each month?

Answer 9

Stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak and vague attitudes

Answer 10

we often state attitudes that are socially desirable

Question 11

Implicit Attitudes

Answer 11

an attitude of which the person is unaware

Question 12

to change EXPLICIT attitudes

Answer 12

guided exposure to groups toward which prejudice beliefs are held work best

Question 13

to change IMPLICIT attitudes

Answer 13

fear reduction and emotional-forced interventions are best reduces implicit prejudice

Question 14

Stereotypes

Answer 14

generalized impressions based on social categories

• positive or negative
• race, age, beliefs

Question 15

Prejudice

Answer 15

negative stereotypical attitudes toward all members of a group
- racism, sexism, homophobia

Question 16

Prejudice in Canada

Answer 16

• racism and sexism has decrease in both Canada and US
• many canadians have some implicit negative attitudes toward black individuals
• there had been a long history in Canada of prejudice and negative attitudes towards the black population

Question 17

Power of Persuasion

Answer 17

2. —- - someone to transmit the message
3. —- - someone to receive the message

Question 18

2 Routes of Power of Persuasion

Answer 18

1. Central - focuses on content, factual information and logic to change attitudes
   
   • factual information
2. Peripheral- focuses on superficial information to change attitudes
   
   • attractive spokesperson, catchy jungle

Question 19

Persuasion Strategies- Foot-in-the-door

Answer 19

get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later

Question 20

Persuasion Strategies- door-in-the-face

Answer 20

ask for something very big knowing you will get turned down, but then ask for the smaller item you really wanted

Question 21

Persuasion Strategies- Appeals

Answer 21

ads make it seem like something bad will happen if you don’t comply
- antismoking campaigns

Question 22

Barriers of Persuasion ——

Question 23

Attributions

Answer 23

causal explanations of behaviour

Question 24

dispositional (internal)

Answer 24

the behaviour was caused because of the person

Question 25

Situational (external)

Answer 25

the behaviour was cause by the situation

Question 26

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 26

the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people

Question 27

Actor-Oberver Effect

Answer 27

We tend to make situational attributions about our own behaviour and personal attribution about the behaviour of others

• observer (dispositional) - focuses on the personality of the actor “he goes up to the bar a lot, must have a drinking problem”
• Actor (Situational) - focuses attention on external factors “people keep picking up my drink whenever I put It down”

Question 28

Norms

Answer 28

social rules about how members of a society are expected to act
-provide order and predictability

Question 29

Social Role

Answer 29

a set of norms ascribed to a person’s social position

• – effect - society functions smoothly
• – effect - people are often limited by their prescribed social roles

Question 30

Descriptive Norms

Answer 30

Agreed on expectations about what members of a group do

Question 31

Injunctive Norms

Answer 31

Agreed on expectations about what members of a group ought to do

Question 32

Explicit Norms

Answer 32

openly stated

Question 33

Implicit Norms

Answer 33

Not openly stated

Question 34

Conformity —-

Answer 34

the tendency to yield to social pressure

Question 35

Obedience—–

Answer 35

the act of following direct commands, usually given by an authority figure

Question 36

Factors that —- obedience

Answer 36

• —- of a victim’s suffering (obvious)
• —- or closeness to the victim
• — placing the “learner’s” hand on a chock place to administer the shock
• — a non-obedient person

Question 37

Social Relations —-

Answer 37

an organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of and influence on another and share a common identity

Question 38

Social Relations —

Answer 38

how members or participants in a group influence our thoughts and behaviours

Answer 39

optimal group size depends on task

Answer 40

when a member of a group must perform parallel tasks

Answer 41

members are only as productive as the weakest member

Answer 42

requires a single solution

Answer 43

involves simultaneous performance of several different activities

Question 44

Social Facilitation —-

Answer 44

improvement in performance because others are present

- physical and mental tasks

Question 45

Group Dynamics

Answer 45

— exert less effort in a group task than one would in an individual task

Question 46

Social Relations—

Answer 46

initial attitudes become more intense with group interaction

Question 47

Social Relations—

Answer 47

faulty group decision making as a result of trying to hard to agree

• illusion of —
• — in the group’s inherent —-
• — against members who express disagreement
• members — the group from information –to – and —

Question 48

Helping Behaviour —

Answer 48

self-sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others
- —- behaviours- self sacrificing behaviour to avoid — or for —

Question 49

Helping Behaviour —- (apathy)

Answer 49

the more people present, the less likely any one person will attempt to help

Question 50

Aggression —-

Answer 50

broad category of behaviours intended to harm others, including physical and verbal attacks

• — becoming aggressive in response to frustration
• —- component
• associated with high levels of —- and low levels of —-

Question 51

Gender Differences in Gender

Answer 51

Women- —

Men- —-