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Radiology > Ch 16-19 > Flashcards

Ch 16-19 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 steps for administering the Heimlich maneuver?

A

Tell the person what you are about to do
Place arms around the victim’s waist from behind
Thumb goes on the outside of your fist
Place the fist on the abdomen just below the sternum
With the other hand, grasp your wrist
Quickly and forcibly, apply pressure upward against the diaphragm just below the ribs

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2
Q

How is the Heimlich maneuver done on an infant (6 steps)?

A

Turn the infant prone with their head lower than their feet
Support head by firmly holding the jaw
Deliver up to 5 forceful back blows between the shoulder blade with the heel of the hand
While supporting the head and neck, turn the infant over with the head lower than the torso
Place 2 middle fingers on the sternum just below the nipple line
Administer 5 thrusts over the sternum, taking care not to press over the liver

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3
Q

Difficulty breathing caused by bronchospasm, sometimes related to allergies and precipitated by stress

A

Asthma

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4
Q

What are 3 treatment methods for asthma?

A

Administering oxygen to keep the O2 level above 92%
Administration of albuterol by inhaler or nebulizer
Subcutaneous epinephrine injection

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5
Q

An embolus travels through the vascular system and becomes lodged in a pulmonary vessel

A

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

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6
Q

What imaging modalities did we discuss in class that can be used to diagnose a pulmonary embolism?

A

Imaging such as chest x-rays or CT angiography

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7
Q

What treatment methods are used for pulmonary embolisms?

A

Anticoagulants, oxygen and pain relief medications or surgery in severe cases

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8
Q

Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle

A

Ischemia

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9
Q

Medical term for a heart attack; a coronary artery is blocked and part of the heart wall becomes ischemic

A

Myocardial infarction

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10
Q

What may be some warning signs of myocardial infarction

A

Pain in the left arm, jaw or neck, diaphoresis, irregular heartbeat, pallor, nausea or SOB

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11
Q

Chest pain, when the coronary arteries fail to supply enough oxygen to the heart

A

Angina pectoris

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12
Q

What common medications are given for angina pectoris?

A

Nitroglycerin

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13
Q

Where is the medication for angina pectoris administered?

A

Sublingual

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14
Q

What is a defibrillator?

A

Administers an electric shock to correct an ineffectual cardiac rhythm
Two paddles attached to the machine make contact with the patient’s chest
Once in place, the paddles can take a quick analysis for normal cardiac rhythm
A shock is then delivered after all staff is clear of danger

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15
Q

What does CPR stand for and what is the purpose?

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; basic life support system to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood during respiratory or cardiac arrest

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16
Q

How often will you be required to renew your CPR license?

A

All RTs will be CPR certified and will update those skills about every 2 years

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17
Q

Damage to the brain caused by violent jarring or shaking

A

Concussion

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18
Q

What are 6 signs of a concussion?

A

Irritability, lethargy, slowing pulse and respiration, seizure, loss of consciousness or respiratory arrest

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19
Q

When someone has an injury where they may be at risk of a spinal cord injury, what precautions are taken to ensure the patient is not further injured?

A

Patients are transported on a rigid backboard to prevent hazardous movement

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20
Q

Blood in the pleural space

A

Hemothorax

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21
Q

Air in the pleural space

A

Pneumothorax

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22
Q

Removal of fluid from the pleural space

A

Thoracentesis

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23
Q

Splintered bones are forced through the skin

A

Compound fracture

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24
Q

What 3 things are done in the ED for a compound fracture before the patient is transported elsewhere?

A

Compound fractures are partially reduced and a dressing is applied before radiography
Temporary immobilization is also done with a rigid object
Observe the patient for impaired circulation: fingers and toes should be warm, pink and sensitive to touch and pressure

25
Q

4 burn levels

A

Epidermis only
Dermal layer
Extends subcutaneously
Skin, fat, muscle and sometimes bone

26
Q

General term to describe circulation failure where blood pressure is inadequate to support oxygen perfusion of vital tissue

A

Shock

27
Q

5 types of shock and their characteristics

A

Hypovolemic- low blood volume occurs when a large amount of blood or plasma has been lost resulting in an insufficient blood supply to the circulatory system
Septic- massive infections produce toxins that cause increased capillary permeability and vasodilation, resulting in low blood pressure
Neurogenic- failure of arterial resistance causes a pooling of blood in peripheral vessels
Cardiogenic- results from cardiac failure or interferes with heart function
Allergic- individuals are exposed to substances to which they are sensitized

28
Q

What are the 7 signs and symptoms of shock?

A

Restlessness and sense of apprehension
Increased pulse rate
Pallor with weakness and change in thinking ability
Cool, clammy skin
Fall in BP: 30mm below baseline systolic pressure
Decreased urination
Increased and shallow respiration

29
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting

30
Q

Erythemea

A

Skin reddening

31
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives

32
Q

Insulin dependent; individuals little or no insulin
Insulin is administered parenterally
Prominent in individuals under age 25

A

Type I diabetes

33
Q

Occurs in obese individuals over age 40 with a marked family tendency
Responds to oral hypoglycemic meds and changes to diet and lifestyle

A

Type II diabetes

34
Q

Stroke, an interruption of blood supply to the brain

Cerebrovascular accident

A

CVA

35
Q

2 types of CVAs

A

Hemorrhagic

Ischemic

36
Q

Cerebral artery is ruptured and blood leaks into brain tissue

A

Hemorrhagic

37
Q

A blood clot in a cerebral artery cause a loss of blood supply to brain tissue

A

Ischemic

38
Q

What are the 6 signs and symptoms of CVAs?

A 
Slurred or difficult speech
Extreme dizziness
Severe headaches
Muscle weakness on one or both slides
Difficulty in vision
Temporary loss of consciousness
39
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension and what causes it?

A

Common after prolonged bed rest

Blood pools in extremities when the torso is elevated, causing cerebral anoxia (lack of oxygen)

40
Q

The patient is ‘spinning’

May be nauseated

A

Vertigo

41
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed

42
Q

3 types of contrast media

A

Barium sulfate
Water soluble
Iodine compounds and gases

43
Q

What is the sequence (5) for scheduling diagnostic studies according to the book? Also using what you know about radiographic principles, describe why each one is in this particular order in relation to what is follows and proceeds

A

All radiographic exams not requiring contrast media and any lab studies for iodine uptake: without contrast media no other examinations will be affected
Radiographic exams of the urinary tract: with normal kidney function the iodine contrast is cleared and disappears
Radiographic exams of the biliary system: uses injections of contrast media under fluoroscopy
Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema): because a barium enema is used to clean the large intestine which requires several steps
Upper gastrointestinal series: because it usually results in barium scattered throughout the intestinal tract

44
Q

What are preparation methods for lower GI studies?

A

Includes use of cathartics, suppositories or enemas, as well as diet

45
Q

What are diet exam preparations?

A

Patients placed on low residue diets for several days before examination
Liquid intake is encouraged to evacuate the bowel
24 hours before exam the patient may restricted to clear liquids (includes apple juice, gelatin and tea)
Fasting; NPO 8-12 hours before the procedure

46
Q

Why are diet preparations ordered and how does it enhance the study if the patient is NPO?

A

Fasting ensures the stomach is empty during examination for 2 reasons: the stomach is empty and clean, it will produce accuracy of the inner surfaces
Examination can cause nausea, so the patient is less likely to vomit

47
Q

Strong laxative preparation for bowel cleansing

A

Cathartics

48
Q

The colon is filled with liquid to dislodge and flush out feces
Nursing carries out this task for inpatients
Equipment: enema bag, attached tubing, disposable rectal catheter and an IV pole to suspend the enema bag.
Liquid used: tap water or soapsuds in water
Tap water enema – 1050F water

A

Cleansing enema

49
Q

Why would you use iodinated contrast media for a GI study instead of Barium?

A

Iodine contrast can be absorbed by the bloodstream if there’s a rupture of the GI tract

50
Q

Compare & contrast using barium vs. iodine contrast (what are their strengths & weaknesses)?

A

Barium can be administered orally or rectally, can be made into thick or thin consistencies and its tasteless but can be difficult to swallow due to its chalky consistency and it absorbs water and can solidify like plaster. Iodine is water soluble and can be absorbed by the bloodstream but they’re more expensive and less radiopaque

51
Q

Why would you never use barium contrast outside of the GI tract?

A

It can’t be absorbed by the bloodstream

52
Q

What does air contrast look like when it shows up on a radiograph?

A

Dark or black

53
Q

Taken before contrast administration

Can provide information that proper preparation was performed

A

“Scout” image

54
Q

8 steps for a barium enema

A

Place the patient in the lateral recumbent position or the left Sims’ position
Insert the lubricated tip
If a retention catheter is used, inflate the cuff
After the tip is inserted, rotate the patient to the supine position
The radiologist will indicate when to start and stop barium flow
After fluoroscopy, routine radiographs are used
After the study, take the bag off the IV pole and let the barium drain back into the reservoir bag
escort the patient to the bathroom
If post-evacuation images are needed, ensure the patient has evacuated their colon as well as possible

55
Q

What are ostomies?

A

Colostomies or ileostomies are surgical resections where the distal end of the bowel terminates in an artificial opening
Can be temporary or permanent
Special catheters are used for colostomy BEs. A urinary catheter may be used due to its smaller size.

56
Q

Explain the process of administering a small bowel study

A

With the oral method the patient drinks the barium suspension and a series of timed radiographs follows its progress through the small bowel
Enteroclysis is the injection of nutrient or medicinal liquid into the small bowel using a special catheter with a stiff wire guide is inserted through the mouth or nose and advanced to the distal portion of the duodenum

57
Q

Process of creating and maintaining an area completely free of pathogens

A

Surgical asepsis

58
Q

5 methods of sterilization

A 
Chemical
Autoclave
Gas
Gas plasma
Dry heat
59
Q

Involves immersion and soaking of clean objects in a germicidal bath
Effectiveness depends on solution strength, temperature and immersion time
Less satisfactory due to contamination not being easily detectable
Kills microorganisms but not spores

A

Chemical sterilization

Radiology (5 decks)

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