Ch 15 Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
special senses include
A
smell, hearing, taste, sight, balance
2
Q
two types of general senses?
A
visceral (internal organs)—pain and pressure
somatic (located in skin, muscles, and joints)—touch, pressure, temp., pain
3
Q
receptors of olfaction?
A
bipolar neurons equipped with cilia; chemoreceptors
4
Q
characteristics of olfaction?
A
low threshold (very sensitive) and phasic (how you adapt to smell)
5
Q
where are olfactory foramina located?
A
through cribriform plate underneath olfactory bulb
6
Q
know physiology of smell
A
odorant binds to receptor, beta & gamma stay together and alpha splits of G protein, alpha binds to adenylate cyclase, catalyzes formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP), causes sodium and calcium ion gated channels to open, causing depolarization and production of AP into olfactory neurons
7
Q
what are the chemical senses?
A
olfaction and taste
8
Q
olfaction action potentials go pretty much everywhere except
A
the THALAMUS
9
Q
taste buds are located where
A
papillae
10
Q
four types of tastebuds?
A
vallate-largest
foliate- foliage; leaf shaped
fungiform- mushroom shaped
filiform- flame shaped (no tastebuds)
11
Q
two types of cells in tastebuds
A
supporting cells
gustatory cells: highly specialized epithelial cells
12
Q
taste cells are phasic or tonic?
A
phasic; FIRST BITE IS THE BEST BITE
13
Q
taste receptor is the ______ not the ______
A
cell; bud
14
Q
____ extend into taste pores
A
microvilli
15
Q
how much percentage of taste is due to olfaction?
A
80%
16
Q
where receptors go to specific pathways
A
law of specific nerve energies
17
Q
look over taste types
A
pg 3
18
Q
which cranial nerves innervate taste?
A
facial (VII): front
trigeminal (V): front
glossopharyngeal (IX): middle
vagus (X): throat
19
Q
where is the taste area of cortex located?
A
insula
20
Q
palpebrae; protects eyes from foreign objects
A
eyelids
21
Q
opening between eyelids
A
palpebral fissure
22
Q
corners of eyes; medial and lateral
A
commissures
23
Q
thin transparent mucus membrane; secretions help lubricate the surface of the eye; double membrane
A
conjunctiva
24
Q
glands that secrete fluid for conjunctive
A
tarsal plate
25
inflammation of conjunctiva
conjunctivitis or pinkeye
26
tear system
lacrimal apparatus
27
tears are produced in the _____ and travel through the _____ and over the eye
lacrimal gland; lacrimal ducts
28
after tears flow across the eye, they enter the ______ tubes and flow through the ______ , and then through the ______
lacrimal canaliculi; lacrimal sac; nasolacrimal duct
29
lacrimal gland produces tears and what?
lysosomes that break down bacteria
30
how many muscles control the eye? how many rectus? how many oblique?
six; 4 rectus; 2 oblique
31
name the eye m. and which cranial nerve innervates them
```
lateral rectus--abducen
superior rectus--oculomotor
inferior rectus--oculomotor
medial rectus--oculomotor
inferior oblique--oculomotor
superior oblique: runs through trochlea--trochlear
```
32
muscles of the eye originate from a _____ _____ ____ and attach onto ______
common tendinous ring; sclera
33
three tunics of the eye and what is under them?
1. fibrous: sclera and cornea
2. vascular: choroid, ciliary body, iris
3. nervous: retina
34
anterior chamber of the eye is located where? what is it filled with?
between cornea and iris; aqueous humor (watery)
35
posterior chamber of the eye is located where? what is it filled with?
lies between the iris and the lens; aqueous humor (watery)
36
aqueous humor helps maintain?
intraocular pressure
37
aqueous humor is produced by? and returned to circulation via?
ciliary gland; canal of schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
38
what holds the lens in place?
suspensory ligaments
39
what holds the retina in place and the shape of the eyeball?
vitreous humor (jelly like)
40
overproduction of aqueous humor is called
glaucoma
41
maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides mm attachment point, and is continuous with cornea
sclera--white of eye
42
avascular, low H2O content, allows light to enter eye, refracts light
cornea
43
blood vessels and melanin to absorb light
choroid
44
ciliary body is continuous with the
choroid
45
controls light entering pupil
iris
46
muscles of the iris?
1. sphincter pupillae: circular mm; determines how much light comes in; PARASYMPATHETIC
2. dilator pupillae: radial mm; contracts to open; SYMPATHETIC
47
lens not clear?
catarax
48
two layers of the retina?
1. pigmented retina: epithelial---sheds cells and macrophages clean up
2. sensory retina: photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglionic neurons
49
black & white and peripheral vision
rods
50
color and visual acuity
cones
51
bending of light as it passes through media of different densities
refraction
52
light rays entering eyes converge and cross
focal point
53
image projected onto retina is ______ & ________
upside down & backward
54
constant or adjustable: cornea and lens?
cornea is constant; lens is adjustable
55
ability to keep image focused
accomodation
56
trying to see greater than 20 feet, what happens?
ciliary body mm relaxes; lens flattens
57
trying to see less than 20 feet, what happens?
ciliary body mm contracts; lens thickens
58
near point vision decreases with age and lens becomes less flexible
presbyopia
59
visual sharpness depends on what?
resolving power
60
types of visual sharpness
1. emmetropia: perfect
2. myopia (near sighted): longer eyeball; focal point before retina; concave lens to fix
3. hyperopia (far sighted): shorter eyeball; focal point "after" retina; convex lens to fix
4. astigmatism: problem with cornea and rays won't focus; uneven lens will fix
61
photoreceptors of sight
rods and cones
62
when are rods and cones activated?
when light strikes them, which causes chemical change in photoreceptor pigments: rhodopsin and iodopsin
63
rhodopsin is broken down in rods when it's ____ and built up when it's ______
bright; dark
64
trichromatic color vision
each cone contains retinal associated with 1 of 3 iodopsins (blue, green, red)
65
as light intensity decreases our ability to see color _________
decreases
66
results from dysfunction of 1 or more iodopsins
color blindness
67
sharpest vision occurs where?
fovea centralis in macula lutea (numerous and all cones)
68
blind spot is called
optic disc (where nerves gather to exit as CN II)
69
rods or cones show convergence?
numerous rods connect to a bipolar cell and many bipolar cells connect to a ganglion cell; CONES EXHIBIT LITTLE TO NONE
70
fields of view overlap causing _____ _____ which allows _______ _________
binocular vision; depth perception
71
neuronal pathway for sight
photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells, exits as optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, superior colliculi and thalamus, visual cortex in occipital lobe
72
three types of eye movements?
1. smooth pursuit--smooth mvmts to follow
2. saccadic--jump; jumbled up paragraph
3. fixational--prevents adapting/bleaching; those tiny movements in illusions
73
elastic cartilage of external ear
auricle (pinna)
74
external auditory canal is lined with
hairs and ceruminous glands
75
thin layer of CT between 2 layers of epithelium
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
76
gets s shaped as we get older and presents fluid from going up and causing ear infections; opens and closes to equalize pressure
auditory (eustachian) tube
77
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
78
muscle that inserts on malleus
tensor tympani
79
muscle that inserts on stapes
stapedius
80
mm contract during loud noises to prevent damage
attenuation reflex
81
chambers in temporal bone and what type of fluid they contain; name the three
bony labyrinth---perilymph
1. cochlea
2. vestibule
3. semicircular canals
82
tunnels and chambers in bony labyrinth and the type of fluid they contain
membranous labyrinth---endolymph
83
the perilymph filled, ascending cavity of the cochlea that begins at the oval window
scala vestibuli
84
the perilymph filled, descending cavity of the cochlea that ends at the round window
scala tympani
85
scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by?
helicotrema
86
cavity of the cochlea filled with endolymph
cochlear duct or scala media
87
hair cells in cochlear duct sit on what membrane? and poke through what membrane?
basilar membrane; tectorial membrane
88
wall of the membranous labyrinth that borders the scala tympani ?
basilar membrane
89
wall of the membranous labyrinth that borders the scala vestibuli ?
vestibular membrane
90
receptors for hearing?
hair cells
91
the hair bundles on hair cells
stereocilia
92
nonmotile celium called
kinocelium
93
cells inside cochlear duct are highly modified to form a structure called
spiral organ or Organ of Corti
94
what region of hair cells synapse with sensory neurons and exit as _____ branch of CN _____?
basilar region of hair cells synapse with sensory neurons as afferent fiber form cochlea branch of CN VIII
95
fxn of inner hair cells
hearing
96
fxn of outer hair cells
amplifying
97
attaches top of each stereocilium
tip link
98
when hair cells bend which channels do they open to cause depolarization?
mechanically-gated K+ channels
99
fxn of wave amplitude
loudness
100
fxn of wave frequency
pitch
101
sound produced by
vibrations
102
basilar membrane (increases or decreases) width from oval window to helicotrema
increases
103
where are high frequency vibrations located?
near oval window
104
where are low frequency vibrations located?
near helicotrema
105
hearing starts at CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) and continues where?
medulla oblongata, inferior colliculi, thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
106
tympanic membrane of middle ear rupture or inflammation; the problem can be fixed with a hearing aid
conduction deafness
107
damaged hair cells or damage to vestibulocochlear nerve; can SOMETIMES be fixed with electrical cochlear implant
sensorineural deafness
108
sense of gravitational orientation
vestibular apparatus
109
vestibular apparatus consists of
otolith organs (utricle & sacule) and semicircular canals (anterior, lateral, & posterior)
110
utricle and saccule control what type of equilibrium
static equilibrium or linear acceleration
111
semicircular canals control what type of equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium or rotational acceleration
112
in VA hair cells for equilibrium are equipped with
stereocilia and 1 kinocilium
113
in VA if stereocilia bend TOWARD kinocilium what occurs?
depolarization
114
in VA if stereocilia bend AWAY from kinocilium what occurs?
hyperpolarization
115
frequency of what carries information about mvmt?
action potentials
116
in the utricle and saccule, hair cells are in the ____? and embedded in _______?
macula; otolithic membrane (otoliths are CaCO crystals, creates inertia and doesn't want to move)
117
during linear acceleration, what happens?
stereo cilia bend in opposite direction due to inertia of membrane
118
horizontal acceleration
utricle
119
vertical acceleration
saccule
120
in semicircular canals, hair cells are embedded in _____
cupula (endolymph provides inertia)
121
the enlarged area of semicircular canals; which contains what?
ampullae; crista ampullaris
122
pathway of equilibrium
CN VIII, cerebellum for m. coordination, medulla oblongata, thalamus, vestibular cortex in more frontal area
123
abnormal occurrence of spinning sensation when not moving at all but some kind of stimulus along pathway activates that feeling
vertigo
124
normal process of inertia of fluid even after you're done spinning and your eyes are trying to play "catch up"
vestibular nystagmus
