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A&P 2250 > Ch 15 Special Senses > Flashcards

Ch 15 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

special senses include

A

smell, hearing, taste, sight, balance

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2
Q

two types of general senses?

A

visceral (internal organs)—pain and pressure

somatic (located in skin, muscles, and joints)—touch, pressure, temp., pain

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3
Q

receptors of olfaction?

A

bipolar neurons equipped with cilia; chemoreceptors

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4
Q

characteristics of olfaction?

A

low threshold (very sensitive) and phasic (how you adapt to smell)

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5
Q

where are olfactory foramina located?

A

through cribriform plate underneath olfactory bulb

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6
Q

know physiology of smell

A

odorant binds to receptor, beta & gamma stay together and alpha splits of G protein, alpha binds to adenylate cyclase, catalyzes formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP), causes sodium and calcium ion gated channels to open, causing depolarization and production of AP into olfactory neurons

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7
Q

what are the chemical senses?

A

olfaction and taste

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8
Q

olfaction action potentials go pretty much everywhere except

A

the THALAMUS

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9
Q

taste buds are located where

A

papillae

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10
Q

four types of tastebuds?

A

vallate-largest
foliate- foliage; leaf shaped
fungiform- mushroom shaped
filiform- flame shaped (no tastebuds)

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11
Q

two types of cells in tastebuds

A

supporting cells

gustatory cells: highly specialized epithelial cells

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12
Q

taste cells are phasic or tonic?

A

phasic; FIRST BITE IS THE BEST BITE

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13
Q

taste receptor is the ______ not the ______

A

cell; bud

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14
Q

____ extend into taste pores

A

microvilli

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15
Q

how much percentage of taste is due to olfaction?

A

80%

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16
Q

where receptors go to specific pathways

A

law of specific nerve energies

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17
Q

look over taste types

A

pg 3

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18
Q

which cranial nerves innervate taste?

A

facial (VII): front
trigeminal (V): front
glossopharyngeal (IX): middle
vagus (X): throat

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19
Q

where is the taste area of cortex located?

A

insula

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20
Q

palpebrae; protects eyes from foreign objects

A

eyelids

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21
Q

opening between eyelids

A

palpebral fissure

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22
Q

corners of eyes; medial and lateral

A

commissures

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23
Q

thin transparent mucus membrane; secretions help lubricate the surface of the eye; double membrane

A

conjunctiva

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24
Q

glands that secrete fluid for conjunctive

A

tarsal plate

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25
Q

inflammation of conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis or pinkeye

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26
Q

tear system

A

lacrimal apparatus

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27
Q

tears are produced in the _____ and travel through the _____ and over the eye

A

lacrimal gland; lacrimal ducts

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28
Q

after tears flow across the eye, they enter the ______ tubes and flow through the ______ , and then through the ______

A

lacrimal canaliculi; lacrimal sac; nasolacrimal duct

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29
Q

lacrimal gland produces tears and what?

A

lysosomes that break down bacteria

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30
Q

how many muscles control the eye? how many rectus? how many oblique?

A

six; 4 rectus; 2 oblique

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31
Q

name the eye m. and which cranial nerve innervates them

A 
lateral rectus--abducen
superior rectus--oculomotor
inferior rectus--oculomotor
medial rectus--oculomotor
inferior oblique--oculomotor
superior oblique: runs through trochlea--trochlear
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32
Q

muscles of the eye originate from a _____ _____ ____ and attach onto ______

A

common tendinous ring; sclera

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33
Q

three tunics of the eye and what is under them?

A
  1. fibrous: sclera and cornea
  2. vascular: choroid, ciliary body, iris
  3. nervous: retina
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34
Q

anterior chamber of the eye is located where? what is it filled with?

A

between cornea and iris; aqueous humor (watery)

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35
Q

posterior chamber of the eye is located where? what is it filled with?

A

lies between the iris and the lens; aqueous humor (watery)

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36
Q

aqueous humor helps maintain?

A

intraocular pressure

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37
Q

aqueous humor is produced by? and returned to circulation via?

A

ciliary gland; canal of schlemm (scleral venous sinus)

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38
Q

what holds the lens in place?

A

suspensory ligaments

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39
Q

what holds the retina in place and the shape of the eyeball?

A

vitreous humor (jelly like)

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40
Q

overproduction of aqueous humor is called

A

glaucoma

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41
Q

maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides mm attachment point, and is continuous with cornea

A

sclera–white of eye

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42
Q

avascular, low H2O content, allows light to enter eye, refracts light

A

cornea

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43
Q

blood vessels and melanin to absorb light

A

choroid

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44
Q

ciliary body is continuous with the

A

choroid

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45
Q

controls light entering pupil

A

iris

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46
Q

muscles of the iris?

A
  1. sphincter pupillae: circular mm; determines how much light comes in; PARASYMPATHETIC
  2. dilator pupillae: radial mm; contracts to open; SYMPATHETIC
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47
Q

lens not clear?

A

catarax

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48
Q

two layers of the retina?

A
  1. pigmented retina: epithelial—sheds cells and macrophages clean up
  2. sensory retina: photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglionic neurons
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49
Q

black & white and peripheral vision

A

rods

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50
Q

color and visual acuity

A

cones

51
Q

bending of light as it passes through media of different densities

A

refraction

52
Q

light rays entering eyes converge and cross

A

focal point

53
Q

image projected onto retina is ______ & ________

A

upside down & backward

54
Q

constant or adjustable: cornea and lens?

A

cornea is constant; lens is adjustable

55
Q

ability to keep image focused

A

accomodation

56
Q

trying to see greater than 20 feet, what happens?

A

ciliary body mm relaxes; lens flattens

57
Q

trying to see less than 20 feet, what happens?

A

ciliary body mm contracts; lens thickens

58
Q

near point vision decreases with age and lens becomes less flexible

A

presbyopia

59
Q

visual sharpness depends on what?

A

resolving power

60
Q

types of visual sharpness

A
  1. emmetropia: perfect
  2. myopia (near sighted): longer eyeball; focal point before retina; concave lens to fix
  3. hyperopia (far sighted): shorter eyeball; focal point “after” retina; convex lens to fix
  4. astigmatism: problem with cornea and rays won’t focus; uneven lens will fix
61
Q

photoreceptors of sight

A

rods and cones

62
Q

when are rods and cones activated?

A

when light strikes them, which causes chemical change in photoreceptor pigments: rhodopsin and iodopsin

63
Q

rhodopsin is broken down in rods when it’s ____ and built up when it’s ______

A

bright; dark

64
Q

trichromatic color vision

A

each cone contains retinal associated with 1 of 3 iodopsins (blue, green, red)

65
Q

as light intensity decreases our ability to see color _________

A

decreases

66
Q

results from dysfunction of 1 or more iodopsins

A

color blindness

67
Q

sharpest vision occurs where?

A

fovea centralis in macula lutea (numerous and all cones)

68
Q

blind spot is called

A

optic disc (where nerves gather to exit as CN II)

69
Q

rods or cones show convergence?

A

numerous rods connect to a bipolar cell and many bipolar cells connect to a ganglion cell; CONES EXHIBIT LITTLE TO NONE

70
Q

fields of view overlap causing _____ _____ which allows _______ _________

A

binocular vision; depth perception

71
Q

neuronal pathway for sight

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells, exits as optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, superior colliculi and thalamus, visual cortex in occipital lobe

72
Q

three types of eye movements?

A
  1. smooth pursuit–smooth mvmts to follow
  2. saccadic–jump; jumbled up paragraph
  3. fixational–prevents adapting/bleaching; those tiny movements in illusions
73
Q

elastic cartilage of external ear

A

auricle (pinna)

74
Q

external auditory canal is lined with

A

hairs and ceruminous glands

75
Q

thin layer of CT between 2 layers of epithelium

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

76
Q

gets s shaped as we get older and presents fluid from going up and causing ear infections; opens and closes to equalize pressure

A

auditory (eustachian) tube

77
Q

auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

78
Q

muscle that inserts on malleus

A

tensor tympani

79
Q

muscle that inserts on stapes

A

stapedius

80
Q

mm contract during loud noises to prevent damage

A

attenuation reflex

81
Q

chambers in temporal bone and what type of fluid they contain; name the three

A

bony labyrinth—perilymph

  1. cochlea
  2. vestibule
  3. semicircular canals
82
Q

tunnels and chambers in bony labyrinth and the type of fluid they contain

A

membranous labyrinth—endolymph

83
Q

the perilymph filled, ascending cavity of the cochlea that begins at the oval window

A

scala vestibuli

84
Q

the perilymph filled, descending cavity of the cochlea that ends at the round window

A

scala tympani

85
Q

scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by?

A

helicotrema

86
Q

cavity of the cochlea filled with endolymph

A

cochlear duct or scala media

87
Q

hair cells in cochlear duct sit on what membrane? and poke through what membrane?

A

basilar membrane; tectorial membrane

88
Q

wall of the membranous labyrinth that borders the scala tympani ?

A

basilar membrane

89
Q

wall of the membranous labyrinth that borders the scala vestibuli ?

A

vestibular membrane

90
Q

receptors for hearing?

A

hair cells

91
Q

the hair bundles on hair cells

A

stereocilia

92
Q

nonmotile celium called

A

kinocelium

93
Q

cells inside cochlear duct are highly modified to form a structure called

A

spiral organ or Organ of Corti

94
Q

what region of hair cells synapse with sensory neurons and exit as _____ branch of CN _____?

A

basilar region of hair cells synapse with sensory neurons as afferent fiber form cochlea branch of CN VIII

95
Q

fxn of inner hair cells

A

hearing

96
Q

fxn of outer hair cells

A

amplifying

97
Q

attaches top of each stereocilium

A

tip link

98
Q

when hair cells bend which channels do they open to cause depolarization?

A

mechanically-gated K+ channels

99
Q

fxn of wave amplitude

A

loudness

100
Q

fxn of wave frequency

A

pitch

101
Q

sound produced by

A

vibrations

102
Q

basilar membrane (increases or decreases) width from oval window to helicotrema

A

increases

103
Q

where are high frequency vibrations located?

A

near oval window

104
Q

where are low frequency vibrations located?

A

near helicotrema

105
Q

hearing starts at CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) and continues where?

A

medulla oblongata, inferior colliculi, thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

106
Q

tympanic membrane of middle ear rupture or inflammation; the problem can be fixed with a hearing aid

A

conduction deafness

107
Q

damaged hair cells or damage to vestibulocochlear nerve; can SOMETIMES be fixed with electrical cochlear implant

A

sensorineural deafness

108
Q

sense of gravitational orientation

A

vestibular apparatus

109
Q

vestibular apparatus consists of

A

otolith organs (utricle & sacule) and semicircular canals (anterior, lateral, & posterior)

110
Q

utricle and saccule control what type of equilibrium

A

static equilibrium or linear acceleration

111
Q

semicircular canals control what type of equilibrium

A

dynamic equilibrium or rotational acceleration

112
Q

in VA hair cells for equilibrium are equipped with

A

stereocilia and 1 kinocilium

113
Q

in VA if stereocilia bend TOWARD kinocilium what occurs?

A

depolarization

114
Q

in VA if stereocilia bend AWAY from kinocilium what occurs?

A

hyperpolarization

115
Q

frequency of what carries information about mvmt?

A

action potentials

116
Q

in the utricle and saccule, hair cells are in the ____? and embedded in _______?

A

macula; otolithic membrane (otoliths are CaCO crystals, creates inertia and doesn’t want to move)

117
Q

during linear acceleration, what happens?

A

stereo cilia bend in opposite direction due to inertia of membrane

118
Q

horizontal acceleration

A

utricle

119
Q

vertical acceleration

A

saccule

120
Q

in semicircular canals, hair cells are embedded in _____

A

cupula (endolymph provides inertia)

121
Q

the enlarged area of semicircular canals; which contains what?

A

ampullae; crista ampullaris

122
Q

pathway of equilibrium

A

CN VIII, cerebellum for m. coordination, medulla oblongata, thalamus, vestibular cortex in more frontal area

123
Q

abnormal occurrence of spinning sensation when not moving at all but some kind of stimulus along pathway activates that feeling

A

vertigo

124
Q

normal process of inertia of fluid even after you’re done spinning and your eyes are trying to play “catch up”

A

vestibular nystagmus

A&P 2250 (6 decks)

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