Ch 14 Integration of Nervous System Functions Flashcards
conscious awareness of stimuli
sensation (perception)
what are the special senses?
smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance
two types of sensory receptors
classified by stimulus type and classified by location
which type of receptors are classified by stimulus type?
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors
sensory receptor that reacts to light; ex: retina
photoreceptors
sensory receptor that responds to temperature
thermoreceptors
sensory receptor that responds to some type of deformation; ex: corpuscles
mechanoreceptors
sensory receptors that respond to chemicals; ex: nose and oral cavity
chemoreceptors
sensory receptors that respond to pain; ex: capsaicin receptors
nociceptors
which type of receptors are classified by location?
exteroreceptors (external), visceroreceptors (inside body), proprioceptors (joints)
mediated by free and encapsulated nerve endings (corpuscles)
cutaneous sensations
tonic?
slow-adapting
5 types of free nerve ending cutaneous receptors
- capsaicin receptors (hot)
- merkel cells (detect light pressure)
- thermoreceptors
- nociceptors
- hair follicle receptors
3 types of encapsulated nerve endings
- meisner’s corpuscles
- pacinian corpuscles
- ruffini endings (detect continuous touch or pressure and depression of stretch of skin)
phasic?
adapt quickly
ex: when wanda sits with her feet under herself. As long as the stimulant remains constant, the receptors will adapt, until she moves!
two places proprioception receptors are located?
muscle spindle (stretch and contract) and golgi tendon (stretch)
carrying sensory info from body to brain
ascending spinal tracts
following one particular pathway
modality; Law of Specific Nerve Energies
all sensory info except what goes to the thalamus
smell
ascending spinal tracts contain how many neurons?
primary: brings to CNS
secondary: takes up tract
tertiary: appropriate part of the brain
right side of the brain controls left side of the body and vice versa is known as
decussate
the post central gyrus is also called
primary somatosensory cortex
which lobe of the brain helps to understand
parietal
which section of the brain allows us to put together coherent sentences?
wernicke’s area
tells you that you see SOMETHING
primary cortex
interprets what you ACTUALLY see
association area
initiation of voluntary movement is controlled by
premotor areas
which lobes of the brain PLAN for particular movement?
frontal and cerebellum
controls motivation, planning, initiation, and judgement
prefrontal area
organizes movement before initiation
premotor area
motor speech area
broca’s area
the precentral gyrus is also called
primary somatomotor cortex
descending motor tracts involve 2 types of movement
- reflexes
2. voluntary
2 major groups of descending motor tracts
- pyramidal: no synapse (fine movement)
2. extrapyramidal: multiple synapses (influence movement indirectly)
where are upper neurons located?
CNS
where are lower neurons located?
exiting CNS
receives sensory info from and control movement of opposite side
corpus callosum
language, math, and analytical side of brain
left
artistic and visuospatial tasks side of the brain
right
split brain procedure?
cut corpus callosum in half so epilepsy won’t cross over to the other side of the brain and take over the whole brain
inability to speak clearly
aphasia
how is language processed?
hearing and vision go into wernicke’s area (interpreted) , travels to broca’s area (motor speech area) , travels to Precentral gyrus (motor cortex)
much of this long term memory is lost through time
declarative
a small amount of this long term memory is lost through time
procedural
impaired declarative memory
amnesia
simple skills and conditioned reflexes are stored as what type of memory
procedural
fact retention is stored as what type of memory
declarative
most of this memory is lost immediately
working memory–remembering a telephone number
most of this memory is lost within a short time
short-term memory
working memory turns into short term memory through?
long-term potentiation
short term memory turns into long term memory through?
consolidation
when does most consolidation occur?
Non-REM sleep (not dreaming)
specific activity pattern
memory engram
regulated by suprachiasmaticnucleus (SCN)
Circadian rhythm : SCN is located in thalamus
what does circadian rhythm do?
master clock, controls melatonin secretion, role in puberty____ pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is extremely high in children. Melatonin inhibits GTP until the pineal gland begins to shrink with age and child begins puberty
dreaming occurs in what type of sleep?
REM sleep
what type of waves occur during deep sleep?
delta
what type of waves occur when awake?
alpha and beta
primary controllers of sleep?
SCN & reticular activating system
responds to all the things that wake us up. Ex: smell of coffee, alarm clock, bright lights
reticular activating system
