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A&P 2250 > Ch 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system divisions?

A

CNS & PNS. PNS includes:

  1. Afferent (sensory) Nervous System
  2. Efferent (motor) nervous system include:
    a. somatic motor (voluntary)
    b. autonomic (involuntary) which includes:
    i. sympathetic (fight or flight)
    ii. parasympathetic (rest & digest)
    iii. enteric (controls digestive)
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2
Q

cells of the nervous system

A

neurons and glial cells (neuroglia)

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3
Q

characteristics of neurons?

A

respond to a stimulus, produce & transmit electrochemical impulses, release chemical messages

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4
Q

which cells are more common in nervous system & by how much?

A

glial cells (make sure neurons keep working) ; 5X

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5
Q

functional unit of a neuron

A

Action Potential

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6
Q

parts of a neuron

A 
soma= cell body
dendrite= receive messages in neuron
axon= carries impulses
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7
Q

part of an axon

A

axon hillock, trigger zone, collateral, presynaptic terminal, , axolemma (membrane of axon), axoplasm (cytoplasm of axon)

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8
Q

Axons in CNS are called? PNS?

A

CNS= tract

PNS=nerve

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9
Q

Dendrites in CNS are called? PNS?

A 
CNS= nuclei
PNS= ganglion
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10
Q

two types of neuronal transport

A
  1. axoplasmic flow: one direction; moves SOLUBLE compounds via rhythmic contractions; supply for growth, repair, renewal
  2. axonal transport: multidirectional; moves INSOLUBLE along microtubules
    a. anterograde= away from soma
    b. retrograde= towards soma
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11
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A
  1. sensory/afferent: brings info to brain
  2. motor/efferent: bring info to target organ
  3. association/interneuron: strictly within CNS; send into to brain; connects motor and sensory
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12
Q

structural classification of neurons

A
  1. (pseudo-) unipolar: sensory neurons
  2. Bipolar: retinal and olfactory neurons
  3. multipolar: motor neurons
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13
Q

Glial cells of the CNS

A

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

CNS; most common glial cell; blood brain barrier

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15
Q

ependymal cells

A

CNS; line ventricles and central canal

Specialized are the cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

microglia

A

CNS; specialized macrophages; respond to inflammation

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17
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS; extensions insulate portions of several CNS axons= WHITE MATTER
GRAY MATTER= dendrites & soma

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18
Q

glial cells of the PNS

A

schwann cells (wrap entire cell around axon), satellite cells (provide support and nutrients)

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19
Q

unmyelinated axons are located where?

A

in folds of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease

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21
Q

schwann cells and oligodendrocyte extensions wrap around many times

A

myelin sheath

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22
Q

completion of myelin sheath development at what age?

A

1-2 years; why it is pointless to potty train before 2 years, bc myelination to urinary bladder is not complete

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23
Q

oligodendrocytes cont to produce 3 growth inhibiting proteins and astrocytes form glial scar that blocks regrowth when what?

A

when CNS axon is severed

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24
Q

When schwann cells stop producing growth inhibiting proteins, form regeneration tube

A

when PNS axon is severed

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25
Q

difference in change across a membrane

A

membrane potential

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26
Q

membrane potential is caused by?

A

presence of anions (neg. charge), membrane permeability, cation concentration gradients

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27
Q

What anion do we not like in our cells!?

A

Na; K+ is inside the cell, Na- is outside

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28
Q

unequal distribution of charges across plasma membrane

A

potenial difference

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29
Q

we let what ion move easiest

A

K+; it is more permeable

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30
Q

at what are electrical and diffusion forces equal and opposite?

A

equilibrium potential

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31
Q

describes voltage across cell membrane if only one ion could diffuse

A

Nernst Equation

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32
Q

membrane voltage of cell not producing impulses (sending messages)

A

resting membrane potential

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33
Q

at rest all cells have a ______ internal charge & ______ distribution of ions

A

negative & unequal

34
Q

value of RMP

A

-70 mV

35
Q

three types of membrane ion channels

A

leak channels: open all the time
voltage gated channels: respond to change in RMP
ligand gated channels: little molecules bond to open

36
Q

which channels are closed at resting membrane potential?

A

voltage and ligand gated channels

37
Q

potential difference between K+ and Na+ becomes smalls;

A

depolarization: influx of Na+

38
Q

potential difference between K+ and Na+ becomes greater

A

hyperpolarization: taking (+) away from inside or letting (-) inside the cell

39
Q

excitable cells (neurons and muscle fibers) discharge RMP to generate/conduct impulses

A

action potential

40
Q

MP becomes more positive

A

depolarization

41
Q

MP returns to RMP

A

repolarization

42
Q

MP becomes more negative

A

hyperpolarization

43
Q

threshold value

A

-55 mV

44
Q 
during depolarization:
influx?
at threshold, which channels open?
what type of feedback loop?
peaks at what value?
A

Na+ influx
voltage gated sodium channels
positive feedback
+30 mV

45
Q 
during repolarization:
what happens to channels?
what happens to ions?
what type of feedback?
value is back at?
A

VG Na+ channels inactivate, VG K+ channels open
K+ is driven outward
negative feedback
-70 mV (RMP)

46
Q

during hyperpolarization:
what establishes RMP?
MP becomes _____ __________ than RMP

A 
Na+/K+ pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)
more negative (
47
Q

unable to respond to stimulus?

A

refractory period

48
Q

absolute refractory period?

A

ABSOLUTELY can’t respond a new stimulus in this section (hill looking part of graph)

49
Q

relative refractory period?

A

hyper polarized can respond but with BIG STIMULUS; doesn’t happen often

50
Q

APs are ___ __ _______

A

all or nothing

51
Q

amplitude of APs remains constant

A

frequency-modulated

52
Q

local potential not sufficient to initiate AP

A

subthreshold

53
Q

not a good conductor

A

axon

54
Q

ability of neuron to transmit charges through axoplasm (just enough Na+ to stimulate next channel)

A

cable properties

55
Q

conduction in unmyelinated axons

also called?

A

depolarization in every single section along axon; one direction bc section before is in absolute refractory period
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION

56
Q

conduction in myelinated axons

also called?

A

AP regenerated only at nodes of ranvier (where VG Na+ channels are concentrated); speeds up propagation
SALTATORY CONDUCTION

57
Q

functional connection between presynaptic neuron and post synaptic cell

A

synapse

58
Q

axodendritic synapse?
axosomatic synapse?
axoaxonic synapse?

A

attach to dendrite
attach to cell body (soma)
attach–rarely

59
Q

depolarization flows from presynaptic into postsynaptic cell through gap junctions; in syncytial tissues

A

electrical synapse; syncytial= muscles function as one unit

60
Q

NT stored in synaptic vesicles and released into synaptic cleft

A

chemical synapse

61
Q

results from changes in charge across membrane, graded, no threshold, no refractory period

A

local potentials

62
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential: local depolarization occurs; stimulatory response; make membrane more (+)

63
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential: causes hyperpolarization; inhibitory response; add (-)

64
Q

postsynaptic potenials summate what 2 ways?

A

spatial summation: impulses received from DIFFERENT SYNAPSES at the same time
temporal summation: multiple sigmas arrive in RAPID SUCCESSION at the same synapse

65
Q

spatial and temporal summation occur simultaneously

A

total summation

66
Q

excitatory neuron synapses on presynaptic neuron and increases the amt of NT released by releasing more excitatory NT

A

presynaptic facilitation (ENHANCE)

67
Q

inhibitory neuron synapses of presynaptic neuron and decreases amt of NT released by releasing more inhibitory NT

A 
presynaptic inhibition (REDUCE)
EX: loss of dopamine? lose inhibition --- Parkinson's with uncontrollable tremors
68
Q

inhibitory neuron synapses onto postsynaptic cell

A

postsynaptic inhibition: won’t completely stop the signal, just lessen it

69
Q

types of synaptic pathways

A

convergent: synthesis of data in brain
divergent: important info transmitted to many parts of brain
oscillating circuits: memory and learning

70
Q

different types of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine NT, amino acid NT, polypeptide NT, lipid NT, gases NT

71
Q

Receptors for ACh

A

cholinergic receptors–nicotinic–curare; ALWAYS EXCITATORY
muscarinic receptors–atropine(nightshade) ; EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY
ex. or inhabit based on receptor it binds to

72
Q

enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetic acid and choline

A

acetylcholinesterase

73
Q

G protein couple receptors

A

serotonin: ex-tryptophan
catecholamines: alpha and beta adrenergic receptors and dopanergic recepetors

74
Q

loss of dopamine

A

parkinsons

75
Q

neurotransmitters are inactivated by

A

presynaptic reuptake and

  1. monoamine oxidase (MAO): breaks down all AA
  2. catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): breaks down JUST catecholine
76
Q

glutamic acid and aspartic acid

A

AA NT ; major CNS excitatory

77
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory-block channels; w/strychine (rat poison) can’t control voluntary mvmt

78
Q

GABA

A

most common in brain

79
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

over time GABA receptors in brain degenerate (men mostly)

80
Q

satiety following meals; released in gut when full

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

81
Q

natural painkiller NT

A

substance P, endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphin

82
Q

similar to THC in marijuana

A

endocannabinoids

A&P 2250 (6 decks)

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