Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Ch. 15: Pharmacology of Inhalant Anesthetics (Granone) > Flashcards

Ch. 15: Pharmacology of Inhalant Anesthetics (Granone) Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of general inhalant anesthetics

A
  • administered and removed from lungs
  • don’t rely on hepatic metabolism/renal elim.
  • predictable and rapid adjustment of anesthetic depth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disadvantages of general inhalant anesthetics

A

-require bulky apparatus to use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Basic chemical structure of all modern inhalant anesthetics

A

hydrocarbons/ethers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

halogenation

A

addition of fluorine, chlorine, or Br to drug to improve its safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

physical chars. of a drug that affect its method of admin

A
  • MW
  • BP
  • specific gravity
  • vapor pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

saturated vapor pressure

A

the amount of pressure created by the molecules of gas floating above a liquid inside a container.

  • Proportional to the energy state of the liquid (goes up with temp).
  • a measure of a substance’s ability to evaporate
  • UNAFFECTED by atmospheric pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

partial pressure of a gas

A

sum of the individual pressures of each gas in a mixture of gases
=fractional anesthetic conc (%) x total ambient pressure (mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are quantities of inhalation agents expressed?

A

1) pressure (mmHg)
2) concentration (vol %)
3) mass (mg or g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

does volume % change with atmospheric pressure?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

critical temperature

A

the temp above which a substance is in its gaseous form and cannot be liquefied by compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

vapor

A

substance that is in its gaseous state at a temp which is below its critical temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solubility

A

total amt. of solute (gas) dissolved within a solvent (liquid) at equilibrium. Occurs because there is a difference in partial pressure between the two phases
-the more soluble a substance, the more it wants to stay in the blood!*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

equilibrium

A

when the number of gas molecules entering the liquid equals the # of gas molecules leaving the liquid (no net movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

partition coefficient

A

measure of substance’s solubility in a specific solvent at a specified temp. and is defined as the ratio of gas conc. in the 2 phases at equil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Precise mech. of inhalants is unknown!

A

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

principal sites of action for inhalants

A

brain, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

potency

A

an expression of the relationship between the admin. dose of an inhalant and the anesthetic effect that is obtained. Usually expressed by Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC), which is the MAC of anesthetic which prevents gross, purposeful movement in 50% patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

drug with high potency has high/low MAC?

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: MAC changes with species

A

T

20
Q

variables that increase MAC

A

hyperthermia
hypernatremia (high Na)
CNS stimulants

21
Q

variables that decrease MAC

A 
pre-meds and induction agents
mean BP below 50mmHg
hyponatremia
hypothermia
alterations in resp. gases
pregnancy
22
Q

Factors that do NOT affect MAC

A 
gender
normal resp. gas conc.
duration of anesthesia
metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
moderate anemia
23
Q

The partial pressure of inhalant anesthetic in the alveoli plays a key role in what will reach the rest of the body to achieve anesthesia

A

:)

24
Q

The highest anesthetic conc. that can be achieved is determined by:

A

the saturated vapor pressure of the agent

25
Q

2 main fxs of blood in anesthesia

A

1) aids delivery of anesthetics to the effect site

2) depot for the anesthetic to remain in

26
Q

uptake and factors that influence it

A

process by which inhalant anesthetics are removed from the alveoli by the pulmonary blood
Influenced by:
-solubility of anesthetic
-patient’s cardiac output
-alveolar-venous anesthetic partial pressure difference
(increase in these will increase uptake)

27
Q

chars. of drugs with low solubility

A
  • more rapid induction of anesthesia
  • more precise control of anesthetic depth
  • more rapid elimination of anesthetic and recovery
28
Q

T/F: an alveolar-venous anesthetic partial pressure gradient must exist for uptake of anesthetic to occur

A

T

29
Q

elimination of highly soluble agents is faster/slower

A

slower

30
Q

metabolism plays a crucial/minimal role in the removal of inhalant anesthetic from body

A

minimal

31
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

effect of a drug on the body

32
Q

T/F: volatile anesthetics decrease cerebral metabolic rate

A

T (protective effect)

33
Q

How do inhalants increase cerebral blood flow?

A
  • decrease ventilation (inc. CO2 causes vasodilation)

- decreases in systemic vascular resistance

34
Q

oxygen delivery =

A

oxygen content of blood x cardiac output

35
Q

All inhalants reduce/increase cardiac output in a dose dependent format. How?

A

reduce. reduce contractility, decrease stroke volume, dec. peripheral vascular resistance, dec. arterial BP

36
Q

Factors that enhance CV compromise due to inhalants

A
  • mech. ventilation
  • changes in PaCO2
  • sx
  • length of exposure
  • other drugs
37
Q

ventilation is defined by:

A

the arterial conc. of CO2

38
Q

apenic index

A

ratio of the end tidal conc. at which apnea occurs to the MAC value

39
Q

most inhalants cause bronchodilation/constriction

A

dilation. However, they can decrease mucuous secretions or cause airway irritation –> pneumonia risk!

40
Q

inhalant anesthetic use –> hepatic metabolism

A

decreases. Can be important if you administer another drug concurrently

41
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

a life threatening myopathy that occurs secondary to exposure to inhalants

  • important in swine
  • rapidly fatal
  • increased body temp, rigid patient, increased CO2 prod., inc. O2 consumption
  • tx = discontinue inhalant and give dantrolene (muscle relaxant)
42
Q

partial pressure, not concentration, of anesthetic in the brain produces anesthesia**

A

:)

43
Q

Inhalant A is highly soluble in blood (high blood:gas partition coefficient), and inhalant B is not. This means that:*

A

Inhalant B will cause a faster induction

44
Q

Which is incorrect:

  • MAC is a measure of potency
  • MAC is a measure of speed of induction
  • MAC is additive among multiple inhalants
A

MAC is a measure of speed of induction

45
Q

try to read over powerpoints if have time

A

:)

Pharmacology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions