Ch 15: Circulatory System Flashcards
It has three general functions:
- transports and delivers nutrients and waste around the body
- regulation of fluid, electrolyte balance and body temperature
- protection from infection and excessive clotting
It has several characteristics:
- color varies from bright red to blue red depending on oxygen levels
- amount varies based on size, gender and age, averaging 4 to6 L
- pH between 7.35-7.45
- three times more viscous than water
It contains two parts:
- liquid plasma
- Formed elements or cells
Blood
It is a pale yellow fluid mostly water, also includes proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and wastes. These proteins regulate fluid volume and protect the body from pathogens and prevents excessive blood loss
Serum is this minus the clotting proteins
Plasma
Is made up of:
- RBC’s
- WBC’s
- platelets\thrombocytes
Blood cells
formed elements
This is the percentage of RBC in a sample of blood, usually 45%, plasma will be on top, WBC and platelets in the middle Buffy coat with RBC at the bottom
hematocrit
Blood cell formation
Two examples:
- red bone marrow found in flat bones and ends of long bones
- lymphatic tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
Hematopoiesis
These can differentiate into either of RBC, WBC or a platelet
Blood stem cells
Occurs with certain procedures or drugs
example: chemotherapy
Myelosuppression
This causes excess RBC’s and thickened blood
Bone marrow overactivity
This type of blood cell is the most numerous in the body and transports oxygen.
Shape: large disc shaped, flexible and allowing cells to squeeze through tiny blood vessel’s supplying oxygen to all tissue cells
Red blood cells
RBC’s
A type of red blood cells that Attaches to oxygen
When the blood is well oxygenated blood is bright red
When the blood is poorly oxygenated blood is blue read; cyanosis
Substances essential for production:
- iron; iron deficiency anemia
- vitamin B 12; lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia
- folic acid; Folic acid anemia
Regulation of production is controlled by hormone erythropoietin
Lifespan is 120 days
No nucleus therefore they cannot reproduce
The spleen destroys old worn out cells.
Hemoglobin
A type of blood cell that are large round cells that contain nuclei, but lack hemoglobin
Several functions:
- phagocytosis; removes dead tissue and debris
- leukocytosis; an increase in the number of WBC
- diapedesis; allows WBC’s to Leave the blood vessels and move toward site of infection
White blood cells
A function of WBCs
removes dead tissue and debris
leaves behind a collection of dead neutrophils and pathogen‘s, Parts of cells and fluid-pus
phagocytosis
A function of WBCs
an increase in the number of WBC
leukocytosis
A function of WBC
allows WBC’s to Leave the blood vessels and move toward site of infection
diapedesis
A type of WBC; granulocytes
They make up 55% to 70% of total wbc
Functions;
- phagocytosis; leaves behind a collection of dead neutrophils and pathogen‘s, Parts of cells and fluid-pus
- An increase in the number of immature this indicates an infection
Neutrophils
A type of WBC; granulocytes and They make up less than 1% of blood cells
Releases histamine and heparin
basophils
A type of W BC; granulocytes which make up between 1% and 3% of blood cells
Inflammatory response, elevated in persons with allergies
Eosinophils
Laboratory test that provide information about blood
It gives a normal range of numbers for RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, percentage of reticulate and WBC’s differential
Complete blood count
CBC
Slows or stops the flow of blood
Blood vessel spasm
Caused by platelets sticking together
Aspirin has an antiplatelet effect
Formation of a platelet plug
This is performed by a series of chemical reactions forming a fibrous net to stop the bleeding
Functions include:
-thrombus; blood clot
-embolus;A traveling clot
-anticoagulants; prevents excessive clot formation
Example: heparin, aspirin Coumadin
once clots have formed, clot busting drugs called TPA‘s Are given to prevent heart attacks and strokes
Blood clotting
These are located on the RBC membrane
ABO grouping gives four blood types: A, B, AB and O
Antigens and the blood types
Occurs when Blood types are missed matched
Agglutination
Burstein or dissolving of RBC’s
Hemolysis
This blood type is called the universal donor and is the most common blood type
Blood type O
This blood type is called the universal recipient and is the least most common blood type
Blood type AB
This problem occurs when a pregnant mother is Rh(+) and her second baby is Rh( - ) because blood will develop and try to destroy the blood next time around
The pregnant mother is given RhoGAM during pregnancy to prevent antibody formation which causes jaundice and hemolysis of the babies RBC’s
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
HDN
Located on the RBC membrane
There r 4 types: A, B, AB, O
Each type has antibodies for incompatible types
Blood types
Occurs when blood types are mismatched and different antibodies are mixed 2gether
Agglutination
Bursting or dissolving of RBC’s
Hemolysis
In order to avoid agglutination of blood, blood type must be known b4 transfusions
Blood types O is called the “universal donor” & most common blood type
Blood type AB is called the ”universal recipient” and least common blood type
Compatibility and incompatibility of blood types
Not normally a problem unless a Rh(-) person is exposed to Rh(+) blood
Antibodies to Rh(+) blood will develop and try to destroy the blood next time around
In a Rh(-) pregnant mother, this could b disastrous for the 2nd baby that is Rh(+)
RH classification system
Hollow, muscular organ, approximately the size of a persons fist fist, weighs less than 1 pound
Average rate of 72 BPM, will be over 3 million times if you live to 75 years of age
Sits within the chest between the lungs in a space called the mediastinum
Base-upper flat portion located at the level of the second rib
Apex-lower pointed end located at the fifth intercostal space
Important to know precise location for performing EKG and CPR
Made up of 3 layers:
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
Function, location and size of the heart
Lining of the heart chambers consists of lining that is continuous with the blood vessels
Endocardium
Thickest layer composed of cardiac muscle that actually contracts and pumps blood through the blood vessels
Myocardium
Sling like structure; double stack of serous membrane
Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
Is located between the layers of the heart, it allows the heart to beat in its sack without friction
Serous fluid
Inability of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the body, must insert a needle into the pericardial space and aspirate the excess fluid
Cardiac tamponade
One part of the heart and Part of pulmonary circulation
Receives oxygen poor blood from the venae cavae and sends it to the lungs to exchange O2with CO2, then back to that side of the heart
Right side of the heart
One part of the heart and Part of systemic circulation
Supplies oxygen rich blood to all body tissues and organs, then back to that side of the heart
Left side of the heart
an upper chamber of the heart that receives blood into the heart
Upper chambers that receive blood into the heart. It receives oxygen poor blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and sends it through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
Right atrium
Receives blood from the head and upper body region
Superior vena cava
Receives blood from the lower part of the body
Inferior Vena Cava
an upper chamber of the heart that receives blood into the heart
Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and sends it through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
Left atrium
Lower chamber that pumps blood out of the heart
Receives oxygen poor blood from the right atrium so that it can be pumped into the lungs by way of the pulmonary valve for oxygenation
Right ventricle
Lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
Receives oxygen rich blood from the left atrium so that it can be pumped into the systemic circulation by way of the aortic valve
Sticker of the two ventricles due to the force with which it must pump in order to supply blood from your brain to your toes
Chronic hypertension and causes hypertrophy of this ventricle
Left ventricle
Large blood vessel is attached to the heart
- superior and inferior vena cava a new pet line
- right and left pulmonary artery’s
- for pulmonary veins
- aorta
Great vessels of the heart
Faulty sounds of the heart
Heart murmur
S1-first part sound “lubb”, Best heard over the apex; closure of the AV valves
S2- 2nd heart sound “dupp “, Best heard over the base of the heart; closure of semi lunar valve’s
Normal heart sounds
Oxygenates and nurses the heart muscle; myocardium
Two types left and right: if left interior descending artery becomes blocked it causes extensive damage and death
- blood flow can increase as needed and they experience pain upon exertion
- Blood flow is gradest during myocardial relaxation
- Can form anastomoses
Coronary arteries
When the coronary arteries create a detour for a blocked artery as one ages
Anastomoses
Drains the heart and empties into the coronary sinus found on the backside of the heart
Cardiac vein’s
Vessel on the backside of the heart that empties into the right atriums
Coronary sinus
Lack of oxygen to the myocardium
Ischemia
Chest pain due to diminish the coronary bloodflow that is relieved by rest
Angina
Death of myocardium due to oxygen deprivation
Males: crushing chest pain, nausea and vomiting diaphoresis
Elders and women: fatigue and digestive symptoms
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack
Dead myocardial cells leak enzymes into the blood that enable a doctor to tell if a MI has occurred
Cardiac enzymes and leaky cells
Located deep within the walls and septum of the heart
Cardiac impulse sets the rates of the heartbeat
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker
Instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiograph
Clinical procedure used to measure the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiography
Record of the electrical activity of the heart
Any Abnormalities is in the wave pattern could indicate a myocardial infarction; MI occurs when an area of the heart has died usually due to a loss of blood supply
Electrocardiogram
Occurs when the normal pattern of heart rate is totally lost, rapid uncoordinated shuttering of the heart-major cause of death from heart attacks and adults
Fibrillation
A rapid heart rate over 100 BPM, can lead to fibrillation
Tachycardia
Substantially in slow her heart rate less than 60 BPM
Bradycardia
A coordinated contraction and relaxation of chambers of the heart
Contraction of the ventricles pumps blood out of a chamber
Top number in BP reading
Systole
Cord needed contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart
Relaxation of the ventricles while blood cells a chamber
Bottom number in BP reading
Diastole
Shortens as the heart rate increases
-shortened the causes compromise cardiac functioning
Less blood filling ventricles: less blood pumped throughout the body
Coronary bloodflow occurs during diastole: less diastole less coronary bloodflow
Cardiac cycle
Affects the rate at which the cardiac impulse is fired and the speed travels throughout the heart
Mason can alter the pumping activity of the hearts
Two types of firing:
- sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight response): Increases SA node activity and heart rate; Causes tachycardia
- Parasympathetic stimulation (rest or digest): decreases SA node activity and heart rate; Causes bradycardia
Autonomic control of the heart
= HR x SV (stroke volume:Amount of blood pumped by the ventricle per heart beat)
Size-larger the slower the heart rate
Gender-women have slightly faster heart rate
Age-younger person to have faster heart rate
Exercise- increases heart rate
autonomic nervous system-2 types;
- Sympathetic (fight or flight response):Increase his heart rate
- Parasympathetic (rest and Digest): Decrease his heart rate
Hormonal influence- increase heart rate(Epinephrine, thyroxine)
Pathology-depends on sickness or disease; fever-increase his heart rate
Medications hasten varies, dopamine, epinephrine and caffeine increase heart rate
Cardiac output
Allows heart to pump the same amount of blood that it receives
Cardiac output = venous return
Starlings Law of the heart
The failure of one side of the heart
Ventricle fails to pump blood into the aorta
- blood backs up into the lungs
- heart is unable to pump sufficient amount of blood into the systemic circulation
Left heart failure
The failure of one side of the heart
When ventricle fails:
- blood backs up into the veins that return blood to the heart
- blood backs up into the superior vena cava
- jugular distention
Right heart failure
What type of circulation that flows from the heart to the lungs then back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
A type of circulation that flows from the heart to the whole body then back to the heart
Systemic circulation
A type of circulation that flows from the heart was in the hearts and stays in the heart
Cardiac circulation
What vessels that carry blood away from the heart, branch into arterioles and carry oxygen rich blood
Arteries
Smallest and most numerous of all blood vessels
-Exchanges take place here
Thinnest walls of any of the blood vessels
Allows the fusion
Exchange vessels
Capillaries
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
- smallest are called venules
- carry oxygen poor blood
- Direct flow of blood toward the heart
- 70% of total blood volume is stored
- less pressure than arteries
- one-way Valves
Veins
Smallest of the arteries
-constricted vessels increase resistance
Arterioles
A major artery of that systemic circulation
- mother of all arteries
- diameter of a garden hose
- extends upward from the left ventricle, curves in an arch like fashion, then sends through the thorax and abdomen and ends in the pelvic cavity where it splits into two common arteries
aorta
All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the ascending aorta
It begins at the aortic valve and extends to the aortic arch
Right and left coronary artery supply oxygen to the myocardium
Branch of the ascending aorta
All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the ascending aorta
Supplies right side of head and neck, upper shoulders and right upper extremity
Brachiocephalic artery
All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the ascending aorta
Supplies left side of head and neck
Left common carotid artery
All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the accending aorta
Supplies blood to shoulders and upper arms
Left subclavian and right subclavian artery’s
All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the descending aorta
- Extends from the aortic arch to the diaphragm
- intercostal arteries supplying the intercostal muscles between the ribs
Thoracic aorta
All systemic arteries are either indirect or direct branches of the aorta: A branch of the descending aorta
It extends from the thoracic aorta to the lower abdomen
Contains the celiac trunk: short arteries that divides into three other arteries:
- gastric: stomach
- splenic: spleen
- hepatic: liver
2 mesenteric arteries supply the small and large intestines
To renal arteries supply blood to the right and left kidneys
The abdominal one splits into right and left common iliac arteries that supply pelvic organs, Thigh and lower extremities.
Abdominal aorta
Superficial veins can be easily seen, while a deep veins run parallel with arteries
Names of deep veins matching names of arteries, with few exceptions
Major veins of the systemic circulation
A major vain
Divided into to parts superior and inferior
I’ll veins of the body return blood here for Delivery to the heart
Vanae cavae
One of two main veins in the systemic circulation
Receives blood from the head, shoulders and upper extremities which then empties into here
Superior vena cava
One of two main veins in the systemic circulation
Returns blood to the heart from all regions of the body below the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
An artery of the head and neck
These common arteries branch into internal and external arteries
Carotid artery’s
An artery of the head and neck
These arteries are joined together to form the basilar artery
Contains the circle of Willis
Vertebral arteries
Contained with in and artery of the head and neck
Contain basilar artery join with the internal carotid at the base of the brain
Supplies brain with constant supply of oxygen
Circle of Willis
Part of hepatic portal circulation
Carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for metabolism of nutrients
Formed by the superior mesenteric and splenic vein
Portal vein
Part of hepatic portal circulation
Carries oxygen rich blood to the liver
Hepatic artery
Part of hepatic portal circulation
Drains oxygen poor blood from the liver and delivers it to the IVC
Hepatic veins
Attaches Fetus to mother by way of the placenta
Contains three blood vessels:
- one large vein that carries oxygen rich blood from a placenta to the fetus
- to smaller arteries carry oxygen poor blood from the fetus to the placenta
Umbilicus
Part of the umbilicus
Allows fetus to receive nutrients, oxygen and gases and dispose of waste
Placenta
An opening in the interim atrial septum of the heart
Allows blood flow from right atrium directly into the left atrium bypassing non-functioning lungs, closes after birth
Foreman ovale
The altarnation of expansion and recoilI get of the arterial wall
Ventricles pump blood into the arteries about 72 times per minute
This can be felt that 10 different points:
- Temporel
- Fessional
- common carotid
- brachial
- radio
- from Morrill
- popliteal
- posterior tibial
- dorsalis pedis
- apical
Pulse
Three main functions:
- lymphatic vessels return tissue fluid to the blood
- specialize lymphatic vessels play and important role in the intestinal digestion of fats and that’s soluble vitamins
- lymphoid tissue helps the body defend itself against disease and it’s a defense mechanism that diminishes with age
Lymphatic system
- Includes lymphatic capillaries and several larger lymphatic vessels
- vessel’s “run with“ the veins
- each organ has a rich supply of this
- Picks up tissue fluid and transports it toward the heart
- contains lymphatic ducks
Lymphatic vessels
A type of Lymphatic duct
Drains right arm, right side of head and thorax
Right lymphatic duct
A type of lymphatic duct
Drains the rest of the body
Thoracic duct
A type of lymphatic duct
Empties into their respective subclavian vein’s
Both lymphatic ducts
