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Biology 1001 > Ch 1.5 and Appendix B > Flashcards

Ch 1.5 and Appendix B Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 steps of Biological Studies

A
  1. Experimental Design
  2. Data Collection
  3. Organize and Visualize Data
  4. Summarize the Data
  5. Inferential Statistics
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2
Q

Features of a Sample

A

Should be representative of a larger population

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3
Q

Quantitative Variables

A

Variables on a numerical scale (ex: temperature, size, etc…)

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4
Q

Discrete Variables

A

Quantitative variables that only take on whole number values

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5
Q

Continuous Variables

A

Quantitative variables that take on only fractional values

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6
Q

Categorical Variables

A

Variables that take categories as values (Blood Types)

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7
Q

Ordinal Variables

A

Categorical variables with natural ordering (ex: final grades in Bio - A,B,C,D,F)

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8
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Lists all possible values and the number of occurrences of each value in the sample

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9
Q

Histograms

A

Depict frequency distributions for quantitative data.

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10
Q

Scatter Plot

A

Used most often to compare two quantitative variables

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11
Q

Linear Relationship

A

When the points of two variables fall on a straight line in a scatter plot graph

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12
Q

Statistic

A

Numerical quantity calculated from data

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13
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Quantities that describe general patterns in data

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14
Q

Describing categorical data

A

Use proportions

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15
Q

Mean

A

Aveage

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16
Q

Median

A

The number literally in the middle. If there are an even amount of numbers (2 middle numbers) you take the average of those two numbers

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17
Q

Mode

A

The most commonly occur number

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18
Q

Measures of Dispersion

A

Tell us how much values differ from eachother

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19
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Calculates the extent to which the data are spread out form the mean

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20
Q

Correlation Coeffecient

A

Quantifies the strength of the relationship between two quantitative variables using a single value

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21
Q

Linear Regression

A

Fits a straight line to data, minimizes residuals

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22
Q

Residuals

A

The vertical distances between the points in the scatter plot and the linear regression line itself

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23
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

The opposite of the Null Hypothesis

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24
Q

Bayesian inference

A

A statistical approach that makes it easier to favor a new hypothesis

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25
Q

Frequentist Statistics

A

Traditional statistical methods

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26
Q

Type I Error

A

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

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27
Q

Type II Error

A

Accept the null hypothesis when it is actually false

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28
Q

P-value

A

The likelihood that chance alone would produce data that differ from the null hypotheses as much as our data differ from the null hypothesis

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29
Q

Significance level

A

A p-value threshold.
The null hypothesis can only be rejected when the P-value is less than or equal to the significance level (alpha = 0.05)
This limits Type I error to 5%

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30
Q

Power

A

The probability that we will correctly reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
The higher the power, the less likely we are to make a Type II error

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31
Q

3 Ways to Increase Power

A
  1. Decrease the significance level (alpha) - the higher the value of alpha, the harder it is to reject the null, even if it is actually false
  2. Increase the sample size
  3. Decrease variability in the sample - the more variation there is in the sample, the harder it is to discern a clear effect when it actually exists
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32
Q

Natural History

A

The characteristics of a group of organisms (How they get their food, reproduce, behave, regulate their bodies) and how they interact with other organisms

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33
Q

Quantify

A

Assigning numerical values to observations through measurement

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34
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative answer to a question, from which TESTABLE predictions can be generated

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35
Q

Deductive logic

A

Used to make predictions based on the hypothesis. Starts with a believed to be true statement and goes on to predict what facts would have to be true to be compatible with the statement

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36
Q

Controlled Experiment

A

Sample is divided into groups and these groups are exposed to manipulations while one group serves as an untreated control. Data then tells if there are changes in a dependent variable as a result of the manipulations

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37
Q

Variable

A

In a controlled experiment, a factor that is manipulated to test its effect on certain phenomenon

38
Q

Comparative Experiment

A

Data from various unchanged samples or populations are compared, but in which variables are not controlled or even identified

39
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

The premise that any differences observed in an experiment are simply a result of random differences that arise from drawing two samples from the same population

40
Q

Data

A

Quantified observations

41
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of a chemical element.

42
Q

Neutron

A

one of the three fundamental particles, mass slightly larger than a proton and no electrical charge

43
Q

Nucleus

A

centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane

44
Q

Electrons

A

negatively charged particles

45
Q

Protons

A

a subatomic particle with a single positive charge

46
Q

Element

A

a pure substance that contains only one kind of atom

47
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

48
Q

Bohr Model

A

a model for atomic structure (atom-largely empty space with a central nucleus)

49
Q

Electron Shells

A

electrons in orbits around the nucleus

50
Q

Molecules

A

atoms bonded together into stable conditions

51
Q

Chemical bond

A

attractive force that links two atoms together in a molecule

52
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

atoms must gain or lose one or more electrons to achieve stability

53
Q

Covalent bonds

A

strong bonds that form when atoms share electrons

54
Q

Ion

A

electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

55
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

56
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions

57
Q

Electronegativity

A

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons in a covalent bond

58
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

a covalent bond in which the electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other

59
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a weak electrostatic bond which arises from the attraction between the slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom and slight negative charge on oxygen or nitrogen atom

60
Q

What are important properties of H2O?

A

High Heat Capacity
Cohesion
Adhesion
Solvent

61
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

The hydrogen bonding in water gives water this property. It means that it takes a lot of heat to change water from its liquid to its gaseous state

62
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“water loving” polar molecules that become separated and surrounded by water molecules in an aqueous solution

63
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non-polar molecules that tend to aggregate together in an aqueous solution rather than with the polar water molecules.

64
Q

Hydrocarbon molecules

A

Molecules that only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are also non-polar

65
Q

Functional groups

A

small groups of atoms that are consistently found together in different biological molecules

66
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

Polar. Hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules. Enables linkage to other molecules by condensation

67
Q

Aldehyde

A

C=O group is very reactive. Helps with building molecules and in energy releasing reactions

68
Q

Keto

A

C=O group is important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions

69
Q

Carboxyl

A

Acidic. Ionizes in living tissue to create -COO and H+. Enters into condensation reactions by giving up -OH

70
Q

Amino

A

Basic. Accepts H+ in living tissues to form NH3+. Enters into condensation reactions by giving up H+

71
Q

Phosphate

A

Negatively charged. Enters into condensation reactions by giving up OH-. When bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases a lot of energy

72
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

By giving up H, two SH groups can react to form a disulfide bridge thus stabilizing protein structure.

73
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules that are formed by covalent linkages of smaller molecules. 4 kinds in living things: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids

74
Q

Polymers

A

Other than lipids, the other three macromolecules are constructed by the covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers

75
Q

Monomers

A

A smaller molecule

76
Q

Oligomers

A

the linking of a few monomers (covalently bonded)

77
Q

Proteins

A

formed from different combinations of 20 amino acids, all of which have chemical similarities

78
Q

Carbohydrates

A

can be big molecules, and are formed by linking together chemically similar sugar monomers (monosaccharides) to form polysaccharides

79
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

formed from four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in long chains

80
Q

Lipids

A

form large structures from a limited set of smaller molecules, but in this case non-covalent forces maintain the interactions between the lipid monomers

81
Q

Condensation

A

the removal of water links monomers together

82
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers

83
Q

Carbohydrate Purposes (4)

A
  • Source of stored energy that can be released an used by organisms
  • Transport stored energy within organisms
  • They function as structural molecules (provide shape)
  • They serve as recognition or signaling molecules that trigger specific responses
84
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple molecules that contain up to 7 carbon atoms (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

85
Q

Pentose

A

five-carbon sugars (ribose and deoxyribose)

86
Q

Hexose

A

all have the formula C6H12O6 (glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose

87
Q

Glycosidic linkages

A

the way of bonding monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are covalently bonded by condensation reactions that form these linkages

88
Q

Disaccharide

A

a single glycosidic linkage between 2 monosaccharides

89
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

contain a few monosaccharides that are bound together by glycosidic linkages. Often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on the outer surfaces of cells.

90
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Large polymers of monosaccharides that are bound together by glycosidic linkages. Not necessarily linear.

91
Q

Glycogen

A

a water-insoluble, polymer of glucose that stores much of the energy in animals (hydrolyzed to allow the energy to break free)

92
Q

Cellulose

A

a polysaccharide of glucose. Its linkages are arranged so that it is a very stable molecule (good for being structural material)

Biology 1001 (8 decks)

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