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Biology 1001 > Cells CH 4 > Flashcards

Cells CH 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A

Cells are the fundamental units of life
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells derive from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

consists of phospholipid bilayers with proteins

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3
Q

Roles of the Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Selectively permeable barrier
  2. Communication between cells
  3. Proteins within bind and adhere to other cells
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4
Q

Three domains of all living things

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

organisms in the Archaea and bacteria that do not have a nucleus in their cells or membrane enclosed internal compartments (prokaryotic cellular organization)

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

protists (plants, animals and fungi) that contain membrane enclosed compartments and a nucleus

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7
Q

Organelle

A

the membrane enclosed compartments where metabolic functions occur

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

the location in the center of the cell where DNA is found and gene expression begins

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9
Q

Features of Prokaryotic cells

A

The plasma membrane encloses the cell (regulates traffic into and out of the cell)
The nucleoid contains the DNA which helps control cell growth, maintenance and reproduction
The cytoplasm is in constant motion which helps ensure that biochemical reactions are happening at a sufficient rate.

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10
Q

Nucleoid

A

contains DNA in the prokaryote

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the majority of the material in the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Cytosol

A

consists of water containing dissolved ions, small molecules and soluble macromolecules such as proteins

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

found within the cytosol. Insoluble particles that contain RNA and proteins which help with protein synthesis (formation of proteins using encoded nucleic acids)

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14
Q

Cell walls

A

supports the cell and determines the shape

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15
Q

Internal membranes

A

mostly used for photosynthesis in plants. The bacteria travels through these membranes to carry out the process

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16
Q

Flagella

A

used by some prokaryotes to swim (tiny little appendages)

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

helical network of filamentous structures that extend down the length of the cell just inside of the plasma membrane

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A
  1. Convert chemical energy to a form the cell can use, aka ATP
  2. Can divide independently of nucleus (has its own DNA)
  3. 2 Membranes
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19
Q

Peroxisomes

A

break down toxic peroxides

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20
Q

Cell wall

A

supports plant cell

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21
Q

Centrioles

A

assist with nuclear division and formation of cilia

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22
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

the site of protein synthesis which occurs on ribosomes on its surface

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23
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

modifies proteins and other molecules

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24
Q

Chloroplast

A

harvest the energy of sunlight to produce sugar.

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25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages proteins

26
Q

Endomembrane system

A

an interconnected system of membrane enclosed compartments which includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and lysosomes

27
Q

Vesicles

A

shuttle various substances in the endomembrane system

28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected membranes that branch throughout the cytoplasm

29
Q

Rough ER vs Smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes that become attached when they begin synthesizing proteins destined for modification w/in the RER

30
Q

Rough ER

A
  1. ALL secreted proteins pass through

2. Most membrane-bound proteins are made on the RER

31
Q

Smooth ER

A
  1. Chemically modifies small molecules taken in by the cell (drugs/pesticides), modifications make target more water-soluble, therefore, more easily removed
  2. Glycogen degradation in animal cells
  3. Site for synthesis of lipids and steroids
32
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  1. Concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins before they are sent to their cellular or extracellular destinations
  2. Add some carbohydrates to proteins
  3. Where some polysaccharides for the plant cell wall are synthesized
33
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A
  1. Originate from the Golgi apparatus
  2. Contain Hydrolases
  3. Where macromolecules are hydrolyzed into their monomers
34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell Eating”
Called phagosome when vesicle contains macromolecules
Phagosome fuses w/ primary lysosome to form a secondary lysosome

35
Q

Secondary Lysosome

A

When phagosome fuses w/ a primary lysosome

Digested monomers pass through membrane, waste gets expelled from the cell

36
Q

Plastids

A
  1. Divide Autonomously (has its own DNA)
  2. Present in Plant and Algae cells
  3. Can differentiate into a variety of organelles (store pigment, carbs, lipds, proteins) chloroplasts form from these
37
Q

Chloroplast

A
  1. Contains green pigment (chlorophyll)
  2. Site of photosynthesis
  3. 2 Membranes
38
Q

Thylakoid

A

Series of internal membranes that look like stacks of lat, hollow discs

39
Q

Granum

A

Each stack of thylakoids

40
Q

Stroma

A

aqueous fluid surrounding the thylakoids

41
Q

Glyoxysomes

A
  1. Found only in plants

2. Where stored lipids are converted into carbohydrates for transport in growing cells

42
Q

Vacuole Functions

A
  1. Storage - toxic byproducts for defense
  2. Structure - turgor pressure
  3. Reproduction - pigment
  4. Catabolism - hydrolyze proteins into monomers for energy
43
Q

Cytoskeleton Roles

A
  1. Supports the cell and maintains shape
  2. Controls the positions and movements of organelles within the cell
  3. Involved in bulk movements of the cytoplasm - Cytoplasmic streaming
  4. Interacts w/ extracellular structures, helping to anchor cell in place
44
Q

Microfiliaments

A
  1. Help the entire cell or parts of the cell move
  2. Determine and stabilize cell shape
  3. Dynamic Instability - Actin
45
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  1. They anchor cell structures in place
  2. Resist Tension - Desosomes
  3. NO dynamic instability
46
Q

Microtubules

A
  1. Form rigid internal skeleton for some cells or cell regions
  2. Act as framework along which motor proteins can move w/in the cell
  3. Dynamic Instability
47
Q

Cilia vs Flagella

A

Cilia are shorter, present by the hundreds

Flagella occur singly or in pairs, can push/pull the cell through its aqueous environment

48
Q

Dynein

A
  1. Motion of cilia/flagella results from sliding microtubule doublets past eachother by using the motor protein - Dynein
  2. Changes 3 dimensional shape
49
Q

Nexin

A

Cross links the doublets and prevents them from sliding past eachother so the cilium bends

50
Q

Kinesin

A

Carry protein-laden vessicles from one part of the cell to another

51
Q

Dynein vs Kinesin

A

Dynein moves organelles towards the minus end

Kinesin moves organelles towards the plus end

52
Q

Extracellular structures are made up of…

A

Fibrous Macromolecule

Gel-like medium in which the fibers are embedded

53
Q

Cell wall roles

A
  1. Provide support for the cell and limit the volume of a mature cell by remaining rigid
  2. Act as barrier to infection
  3. Contributes to plant form by controlling the direction of cell expansion during growth and development
54
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  1. Link the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells by plasma membrane-lined channels
  2. Allow water, ions, small molecules, hormones, and some RNA and protein molecules to move between connected cells
55
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous component of the extracellular matrix

56
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Glycoproteins w/ long carbohydrate side chains

57
Q

Roles of Extracellular Matrixes in animal cells…

A
  1. Hold cells together in tissues
  2. Contribute to the physical properteis of cartilage, skin, and other tissues
  3. Filter materials passing between different tissues
  4. Orient cell movements during embryonic development, and during tissue repair
58
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Prevent substances from moving through spaces between cells

59
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold adjacent cells together w/ stable protein connections

Provides mechanical stability for tissues such as skin that receive physical stress

60
Q

Gap Junctions

A

(like plant plasmodesmata)

Channels that run between membrane pores in adjacent cells, allowing substances to pass between cells

Biology 1001 (8 decks)

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