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Contrast > Ch 14 lecture > Flashcards

Ch 14 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Function of urinary system

A

produce urine & eliminate it from the body

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2
Q

Urinary System consists of:

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra

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3
Q

What does the kidney make

A

urine

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4
Q

Shape of kidney

A

Bean shaped

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5
Q

Where does the kidneys lie

A

Sides of vertebral column, posterior in abdominal cavity and behind the liver & spleen

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6
Q

Why is the right kidney lower

A

Because of the liver

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7
Q

What are encompassed in the fatty capsule surrounding the kidneys

A

suprarenal glands

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8
Q

Ureter connects what

A

the kidneys to the bladder

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9
Q

What protects the kidneys

A

Lower ribcage

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10
Q

Kidneys are what type of structure

A

Retropertitoneal

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11
Q

On a radiograph, where do the kidneys lie in the middle

A

Between xyphoid process and iliac crests

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12
Q

Ureters are tubes that do what

A

carry urine to the bladder

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13
Q

Ureters lie ____ to each kidney

A

anterior

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14
Q

What forces urine to the bladder

A

peristaltic waves, gravity

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15
Q

How long are ureters

A

28-34 cm (depending on height)

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16
Q

What kind of structure are the ureters

A

retropertitioneal

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17
Q

What is the diameter of the ureters

A

1mm-1cm

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18
Q

Why is the right ureter shorter than the left

A

Because of the liver

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19
Q

3 constricting points (difficult for stones to pass)

A
  1. Ureteropelvic Junction (UP Junction)
  2. Brim of pelvis
  3. Ureterovesical Junction (UV Junction)
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20
Q

The bladder holds:

A

urine

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21
Q

What shape is the bladder

A

Triangular

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22
Q

Muscular entrance where the ureters enters and the urethra leaves

A

Trigone

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23
Q

Where does the trigone attach to

A

floor of pelvis

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24
Q

How much urine makes you feel the urge to go to the bathroom

A

250 ml

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25
Q

Total capacity of bladder

A

350-500 ml

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26
Q

Found in males, produces fluid which helps make the sperm swim

A

prostate gland

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27
Q

What is the urethra

A

tube that delivers urine from bladder to outside of body

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28
Q

How long is the female urethra

A

4 cm

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29
Q

What is the female urethra function

A

pass urine to outside of body

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30
Q

How long is the male urethra

A

17-20 cm

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31
Q

What is the male urethra function

A

pass urine to outside of body, passageway for sperm

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32
Q

What structure is the urethra

A

Infraperitoneal

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33
Q

How big is a kidney

A

4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1 inch thick

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34
Q

Kidneys are ____ degrees to midline

A

30

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35
Q

Posterior positioning shows the _____ parallel to the table or bucky

A

opposite kidney

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36
Q

What surrounds each kidney

A

adipose capsule (peritenal fat)

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37
Q

Why aren’t kidneys stationary

A

positioning and the diaphragm move them

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38
Q

When a kidney drops into pelvis

A

nephroptosis

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39
Q

The kidneys produce ____ urine daily

A

1.5 liters

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40
Q

Functions of kidneys

A
  1. make urine
  2. remove nitrogenous wastes
  3. regulate H20
  4. regulate acid base balance & electrolyte levels in blood
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41
Q

How much blood goes through a kidney every minute

A

1 Liter

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42
Q

What percent of blood is reabsorbed and put back into the bloodstream

A

99%

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43
Q

What is the top and bottom portion of the kidneys called

A

Upper & Lower Poles

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44
Q

Substance which forms the peripheral or outer portion of the kidney

A

Cortex

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45
Q

The cortex dips to form the ____ which extend to form the ____

A

Renal columns, renal sinus

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46
Q

Underneath the cortex, is composed of conical masses termed renal pyramids

A

Medulla

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47
Q

The medulla are a collection of tubes that converge at opening of ____ and drain into ___

A

renal papilla, minor calyx

48
Q

Flattened hallow tubes

A

Calyces

49
Q

____ gather to form ____

A

minor calyces, major calyces

50
Q

unite to form the renal pelvis which narrows and turns into a ureter

A

Major calyces

51
Q

Term used to describe the total functional portions of the kidneys

A

renal parenchyma

52
Q

Structural & functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

53
Q

How many nephrons in each kidney

A

1 million

54
Q

Small capillary arteries in the kidney cortex form capillary tufts called ___ in which blood is filtered

A

glomeruli

55
Q

Arterioles bring blood to the capillaries

A

Afferent

56
Q

Take blood away

A

Efferent

57
Q

Another word for glomerular capsule

A

Bowman’s capsule

58
Q

Arterial blood received by kidneys from ____ via the left and right renal arteries

A

Abdominal aorta

59
Q

Each artery branches until it turns into a ____

A

capillary network

60
Q

Renal veins dump straight into the _____ which returns to the right chamber of the heart

A

inferior vena cava

61
Q

Renal veins are ___ to the arteries

A

anterior

62
Q

Longitudinal fissure which serves as the area in which the renal artery, vein, lymphatics, nerves, and ureter exit and enter

A

Hilum

63
Q

Radiographic exams of the urinary system

A

Urography

64
Q

Contrast media to visualize kidneys and urinary tracts can be introduced 2 ways:

A

Intravenously (IV) and by catheter

65
Q

Ionic contrast media

A

Means iodinated

66
Q

Opacifying element

A

Iodine

67
Q

Cation is usually ____ which increases the solubility of contrast media

A

salt

68
Q

Cation combined with negatively charged component is ___

A

anion

69
Q

Common anions that stabilizes the compound

A

distrizoate, iothalamate

70
Q

Once injected the cation

A

splits apart

71
Q

Splitting causes

A

hypertonic condition (increase in blood plasma)

72
Q

Increasing the # of ions in the blood plasma can throw ___ off and give a reaction

A

homeostasis

73
Q

Non ionic contrast media

A

Contains iodine but has no positively charged cations

74
Q

Carboxyl group is replaced by

A

amide or glucose

75
Q

When injected into the bloodstream it remains

A

intact (doesn’t split)

76
Q

Nonionizing contrast has low ___, doesn’t increase blood plasma

A

osmolality

77
Q

Does ionic or non ionic have less reactions

A

non ionic

78
Q

Side effects of contrast media

A

Hot flashes, warmth of body, burning at injection site, metallic taste in mouth, feel like you have to pee

79
Q

Mild effects of contrast

A

anxiety, nausea, vomit, metallic taste, mild erythema, itching

80
Q

Moderate effects of contrast

A

severe hives, laryngeal swelling, hypotension, tachycardia or bradycardia

81
Q

Severe effects of contrast

A

cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, no pulse

82
Q

Why do you ask the patient if they take glucophage

A

contraindication of contrast

83
Q

What does BUN stand for

A

blood urea nitrogen

84
Q

BUN and creatinine levels are indicators of

A

kidney function

85
Q

High BUN and creatinine levels

A

failure, tumors, or other conditions

86
Q

Creatinine levels for an adult

A

0.6-1.5 mg

87
Q

BUN levels

A

8-25 mg

88
Q

Drug given to those with diabetes mellitus

A

Glucophage (metformin)

89
Q

If taking Glucophage, patient must be off it for how long to be able to take contrast media

A

48 hours

90
Q

What to write down for contrast media

A

Lot #’s, expiration dates, how much given, who gave it

91
Q

What drug should be stocked on crash cart

A

epinephrine

92
Q

IVU stands for

A

intravenous urography

93
Q

Contraindications of IVU

A

Sensitive to contrast, absence of urine excretion, diabetes, renal disease, congestive heart failure, sickle cell anemia

94
Q

Equipment used for IVU

A

Contrast media, needles, tourniquet, shield, emesis basin, markers, crash cart, compression devices, washcloth, pee bucket, alcohol wipes

95
Q

When using a caliper to measure patient from back to front, start at ____ for the tomogram

A

divide by 3 (21 cm becomes 7cm, then 8 cm, 9cm, etc for the entire kidney)

96
Q

Obliques are at what degrees

A

25-30 posterior

97
Q

LPO shows

A

right kidney, left ureter are seen good

98
Q

RPO shows

A

left kidney, right ureter are seen good

99
Q

When is patient done with the pictures

A

when both ureters light up on bottom portion

100
Q

Typically how long does the procedure last and how many shots taken

A

20 mins, 15 shots

101
Q

Nephrotomograms

A

Slice shots of kidneys

102
Q

Imagine bladder while peeing

A

Voiding cystourethrography

103
Q

Why give pop during pediatric IVU or voiding cysto

A

Gas in stomach can extend

104
Q

Where is the ureteropelvic junction (UP junction)

A

Renal pelvis funnels into small ureter

105
Q

Where is brim of pelvis

A

Where iliac blood vessel crosses over ureters

106
Q

Where is the ureterovesical junction (UV junction)

A

Where ureter joins the bladder

107
Q

As the bladder fills, the top of the bladder expands

A

Upward and forward towards abdominal cavity

108
Q

What occurs if bladder pressure is too high

A

Involuntary urination

109
Q

For most IV urograms what veins are ideal within

A

Antecubital fossa -(median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins)

110
Q

Veins to avoid

A

Sclerotic (hardened), tortuous (twisted), rolling, overused, bifurcation, lie directly over artery

111
Q

2 categories of contrast media reactions

A

Local, systemic

112
Q

Reactions affected only the specific region of the body at which contrast media has been injected

A

Local reactions

113
Q

Reactions that do not affect the site of injection but rather the entire body or specific organ system

A

Systemic reaction

114
Q

Injection of contrast on a male is sometimes facilitated by a special device termed

A

Brodney clamp

115
Q

How much water intake during 24 hrs

A

2.5 L (2500 ml)

116
Q

6 steps for venipuncture

A
  1. Wash hands, gloves
  2. Tourniquet, site, clean site
  3. Initiate puncture
  4. Entry, needle
  5. Injection
  6. Remove

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