ch. 14, 15,16 Flashcards
Major life decisions are made without much life experience upon which to base them
transition to adulthood
Peak physical status and optimal health
Ages 19- 26
Risky sexual behavior, alcohol and drug abuse; would probably never have health problems, regardless of health-compromising behaviors; “will not happen to me”; push bodies too far can bounce back from stress & exertion
transition years
Highest percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries
late adolescence & young adulthood
15- 24 being highest risk
higher males than females
motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence
spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries
hypothesis that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes a person to violence in later years. victims higher chance of becoming violent
theory of the cycle of violence
Childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, serious illness of a close person, or major loss events can adversely impact
development of mature coping skills and emotional strength
____look for absolute truth, while ___ consider problem in the context by which it is presented
Adolescents / adults
career selection, mate selection, and assumption of community responsibilities
Transition years. 16-24
peak cognitive development and intellectual efficiency
young adulthood (20-40)
normal age related changes in physical functioning begin
middle adulthood (40-65)
Average life expectancy in US
74.1 males, 79.5 females
Female bone loss accelerates after _____ due to decreasing ____
menopause. estrogen
osteoprosis
bone loss that exceeds normal aging
cartilage w/ aging
lubrication & nutrition is disrupted. dehydration, poor nutrition, increased degradation of weight bearing surfaces. cartilage becomes brittle -opaque yellow,
cartilage w/ aging
thinning occurs- cracks, frays, shred by 30, crystal formation & calcification occur
crystal formation & calcification
increase f riction w/ joint movement & contributes to ostearthritis
Muscle Atrophy: app. __% of muscle strength will be lost b/w ages 50-70
30%
Age related decline in muscle mass and thereby muscle strength
Sarcopenia
Middle aged and older men and women can benefit from…
resistance training/strength training
Middle adulthood Sedentary Lifestyle:
time demands of work and family contribute to lack of exercise= weight gain
-taking care of self less priority
Changes being at age __ with a decrease in ___ vision happening in everyone.
age 40. near vision
Two changes in the eye take place
External:
Internal:
External: increased wrinkling, decrease tear secretion
Internal: corneal changes
Condition where the lens of the eye become opaque
cataracts
Vision Decreases:
- lens transparency
- amount of light contacting the eye
- number of macular neurons
- increase sensitivity to light and glare (accommodation)
functional hearing loss in 25% of adults at the end of middle adulthood
age 65
fluid intelligence peaks at age _ then progressively declines
20, process new information
_____ Intelligence improves throughout middle adulthood and older adulthood
Crystallized intellegence, knowledge gained over time & experience
Incorporates skills that are practiced and automatic
-ability to type, play instrument,
implicit memory
knowledge about the world and facts and figures that can be detailed verbally
ex. memorizing muscle attachments
explicit memory
where past events are associated with present events
Working memory
forgotten more quickly- declines with age
Biggest health concerns in middle age (40-65)
cardiovascular disease & cancer
Leading cause of death for men and women in middle and young adulthood
cardiovascular disease
hypertension increases risk of cardiovascular disease
According to the american cancer society
_ out of 10 americans develop cancer at some point of their lives
4
- anxious
- supresses emotions
- fatigued
- distressed personality
- high risk of CHD
- negative attitude
- distressed personality
- highest risk type
Type D
heart attack
- poorly defined goals
- likes to compete constantly
- desire for recognition
- mental and physical alertness
- in control
- cynical
- “monica from friends”
Type A Heart disease/ heart attack
Prevalence greater for prostate cancer but
morbidity greater in breast cancer
more cases of prostate, but more people dying of breast cancer
Type C
Belief that unexpressive negative emotion weaken the immune system
Personality type is more likely to develop cancer
- optimistic
- healthy
- capable of meeting own needs and others
- self supportive
- enthusiastic
- active
type B healthy
parents of their own children and adult child of a parent (caring for parents and children at same time)
Sand which generation
Stevens and Commons
Low point in martial satisfaction
high alcoholism
heightened awareness of aging
midlife crisis
truely experiencing midlife crisis
-reality of aging - passing of time
Transition from hypothetical to pragmatic (realistic, practical) thought
young adulthood
Prefrontal cortex matures at what age
24
Ginzberg’s
Fantasy period
early and middle childhood
“want to be ballerina, doctor like mommy”
Experimentation period
young adult, career category
get a job in general field ex. health care field
Ginzberg
Tentative period
adolescence, consider skills, expense
Don’t like science then shouldnt be a doctor
Emphasizes the notion of “fit” between personality and career selection
Useful for career and guidance counselors
Holland’s
Manner in which partner is chosen and roles of participating individuals is influenced by
culture and social class
Lower s-e class marry
younger than middle class
Characteristics of unsuccessful marriage
Feelings of powerlessness Passive-aggression Neuroticism Suspicion Chemical abuse Depression Borderline pathologies Hostility, defensiveness, and aggression
Predictors of relationship low satisfaction
HIGH alcohol consumption
sexual abuse in childhood
born between 1946 and 1964
30% of population
Study ran in 1997 using twins
it demonstrated that twins reared apart share less than 35% inheritability of lifespan
Environment and lifestyle accounted for the 65% observed variance
Tanzi
Rowe & Kahn 3 components of successful aging
- Low probability of disease and disease-related disability
- High cognitive and physical functional capacity
- Active engagement with life
Exercise and activity delays and diminishes almost all age related changes to
cardiovascular & pulmonary disease
- delays changes to musculoskeletal system
- keeping or increasing flexibility and mobility
- decreasing the amount of bone mineral loss
- supports healthy cartilage by increasing nutritional fluid exchange
- decreasing risk of vertebral compression fractures through practicing spinal extension
exercise
- bone mineral content
- cartilage water content
- flexibility(20-30% loss AROM)
- stability and mobility
decrease with aging
fight mineral loss
resistive exercise
decrease risk of vertebral compression fractures
weight training
The two most prevalent cardiovascular diseases associated with age
hypertension & coronary artery disease
- Increase in vascular stiffness
- Increase in arterial wall thickness
- Less blood able to exit the heart
- Increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure
high blood pressure
Atrophy (waste or loss of) and degeneration of articular cartilage.
osteoarthritis & joint
Promotion of good posture alignment
Back extension exercises
most noticeable physical change of aging
Muscle Atrophy:Loss of lean muscle mass (& inc in body fat and connective tissue)
safety adaptations
Gait
Stride becomes wider to improve stability
Step length becomes smaller
Aging brain remains plastic
individuals can continue to gain & retain complex skills
Compromised myelinated structures (white matter) account for
-slowing of psychomotor speed, increased processing time required for complex information , and transmission of motor responses
Most common visual problem in older adults
Presbyopia
vision problems
presbyopia, glaucoma, cataracts, macular degenarative
Most widespread cause of activity limitation
amongst the elderly
depression
