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Medical Terminology > Ch. 13 The Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 13 The Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

a hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine

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2
Q

Angiotensin

A

a substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys

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3
Q

Calyx

A

a cup like cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural: calices)

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4
Q

Diuresis

A

Excretion of urine; usually meaning increased urinary excretion

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5
Q

Diurertic

A

a substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis

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6
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow

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7
Q

Glomerular Capsule

A

the cup shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receive material filtered out of the blood; Bowman Capsule

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8
Q

Glomerular Filtrate

A

the fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule

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9
Q

Glomerulus

A

the cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli)

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10
Q

Kidney

A

an organ excretion; the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains metabolic waste products and other substances as needed to regulate water, electrolyte and pH balance of body fluids

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11
Q

Micturition

A

the voiding of urine; urination

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12
Q

Nephron

A

a microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine

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13
Q

Renal Cortex

A

the kidneys outer portion; contains portions of the nephrons

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14
Q

Renal Medulla

A

the kidney’s inner portion; contains portions of the nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal pelvis

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15
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

the expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney; Greek root Pyel

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16
Q

Renal Pyramid

A

a triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of nephrons’ loops and collecting ducts

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17
Q

Renin

A

an enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood

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18
Q

Trigone

A

a triangle at the base of the bladder formed by openings of two ureters and the urethra

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19
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

the return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries

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20
Q

Urea

A

the main nitrogenous waste product in the urine

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21
Q

Ureter

A

the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

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22
Q

Urethra

A

the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

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23
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

the organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys

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24
Q

Urination

A

the voiding of urine

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25
Q

Urine

A

the fluid excreted by the kidneys. It consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments. A variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease

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26
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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27
Q

suprarenal

A

above the kidney

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28
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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29
Q

nephrosis

A

any noninflammatory disease condition of the kidney

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30
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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31
Q

juxtaglomerular

A

near the glomerulus

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32
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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33
Q

pyelectasis

A

dilation of the renal pelvis

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34
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

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35
Q

caliceal

A

pertaining to a renal calyx (note addition of e); also spelled calyceal

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36
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

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37
Q

urosepsis

A

generalized infection that originates in the urinary tract

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38
Q

urin/o

A

urine

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39
Q

nocturia

A

urination during the night

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40
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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41
Q

ureterostenosis

A

narrowing of the ureter

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42
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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43
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

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44
Q

intravesical

A

within the urinary bladder

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45
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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46
Q

urethrotome

A

instrument for incising the urethra

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47
Q

lithiasis

A

presence of stones

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48
Q

Acidosis

A

excessive acidity of body fluids

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49
Q

bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

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50
Q

cast

A

a solid mold of renal tubule found in the urine

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51
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of a infection

52
Q

Dysuria

A

painful or difficult urination

53
Q

Glomerulonephristis

A

inflammation if the kidney primarily involving the glomeruli. the acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic form varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure

54
Q

hematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine

55
Q

hydronephrosis

A

collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; results in distention and renal atrophy

56
Q

hypokalemia

A

deficient of potassium in the blood

57
Q

hyponatremia

A

deficiency of sodium in the blood

58
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

condition that results from glomerular damage leading to loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria). There is low plasma protein, edema, and increased blood lipids as the liver releases lipoproteins. Also called nephrosis

59
Q

oliguria

A

elimination of small amounts of urine

60
Q

proteinuria

A

presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine

61
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by infection

62
Q

pyuria

A

presence of pus in the urine

63
Q

renal colic

A

radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone

64
Q

uremia

A

presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency

65
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra, usually due to infection

66
Q

urinary stasis

A

stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation

67
Q

Catheterization

A

introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra in the bladder for withdrawal of urine

68
Q

Cystoscope

A

an instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder. Also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery and for other forms of treatment

69
Q

Dialysis

A

separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing. The two form of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

70
Q

Hemodialysis

A

removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semi-permenable membrane

71
Q

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

intravenous urography

72
Q

intravenous urography (IVU)

A

radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis

73
Q

lithotripsy

A

crushing of a stone

74
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

removal of unwanted substance from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid

75
Q

retrograde pyelography

A

Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below, by the way of the ureters

76
Q

Specific Gravity (SG)

A

the weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or decrease in disease

77
Q

Urinalysis (UA)

A

laboratory study of the urine. Physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included

78
Q

Cystectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

79
Q

ileal conduit

A

diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum. One end of the segment is sealed and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall. A procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfunctional. Also called ileal bladder

80
Q

lithotomy

A

incision of an organ to remove a stone (calculus)

81
Q

renal transplantation

A

surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient

82
Q

Aldosterone

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

83
Q

Clearance

A

the volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a substance per unit of time; renal plasma clearance

84
Q

Creatinine

A

a nitrogenous byproduct of muscle metabolism. An increase in blood creatine is a sign of renal failure

85
Q

Detrusor Muscle

A

the muscle in the bladder wall

86
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

the amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys

87
Q

Maximal Transport Capacity (Tm)

A

the maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tubule; tubular maximum

88
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney

89
Q

anuresis

A

lack of urination

90
Q

anuria

A

lack of urine formation

91
Q

azotemia

A

presence of increased nitrogenous waste, especially urea, in the urine

92
Q

azoturia

A

presence of increased nitrogenous compounds, especially urea in the urine

93
Q

Cystocele

A

herniation of the bladder into the vagina; vesicocele

94
Q

dehydration

A

excessive loss of body fluids

95
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary urination, usually at night; end wetting

96
Q

epispadias

A

a congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove or cleft; anaspadias

97
Q

glycosuria

A

presence of glucose in the urine, as in case of diabetes mellitus

98
Q

hydroureter

A

distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction

99
Q

hypospadias

A

a congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina

100
Q

Nocturia

A

excessive urination at night

101
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

a hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts

102
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

103
Q

Polyuria

A

elimination of large amounts of urine; as in diabetes mellitus

104
Q

Retention of urine

A

accumulation of urine in the baller because of an inability to urinate

105
Q

urererocele

A

a cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder

106
Q

urinary frequency

A

a need to urinate often without an increase in average output

107
Q

urinary incontinence

A

inability to retain urine; may originate with a nuerologic disorder; trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function. In urgency incontinence, an urge causes sudden urination before one has enough time to reach a bathroom. In stress continence, urine leaks during forceful activity such as sneezing, coughing, or exercise

108
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. An increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure

109
Q

Urinometer

A

device for measuring the specific gravity of urine

110
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme

111
Q

ADH

A

Antidiueretic hormone

112
Q

ARF

A

Acute Renal Failure

113
Q

ATN

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

114
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

115
Q

CRF

A

Chronic Renal Failure

116
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin

117
Q

ESRD

A

End Renal Stage Renal Disease

118
Q

ESWL

A

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

119
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

120
Q

GU

A

Genitourinary

121
Q

K

A

Potassium

122
Q

KUB

A

Kidney-Ureter-Bladder

123
Q

Na

A

Sodium

124
Q

PEP

A

Protein Electrophoresis

125
Q

SG

A

Specific Gravity

126
Q

UA

A

Urinalysis

127
Q

UTI

A

Urinary Tract Infection

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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